Development of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system in platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) and short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus)

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken W. S. Ashwell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Ornithorhynchus Anatinus ◽  
Tachyglossus Aculeatus

scholarly journals The neuropathology of “typical” Friedreich's ataxia in Quebec

1984 ◽  
Vol 11 (S4) ◽  
pp. 592-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.B. Lamarche ◽  
B. Lemieux ◽  
H.B. Lieu
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Diagnostic Criteria ◽  
Clinical Findings ◽  
Spinal Ganglia ◽  
Cooperative Study ◽  
Segmental Demyelination ◽  
Dying Back

AbstractWe present the pathological data from the autopsies performed on 6 Friedreich's disease patients since the start of the Quebec Cooperative Study. All patients met the strict diagnostic criteria of the QCSFA. The anatomical lesions found in the peripheral and central nervous system were similar in all 6 cases and do not differ from those described in the literature. The clinical findings correlate closely with the histological lesions found in the peripheral nervous system and spinal cord. The evidence of segmental demyelination and remyelination in the spinal ganglia and posterior roots further supports the dying-back axonopathy hypothesis.

scholarly journals Sampling and Evaluating the Peripheral Nervous System

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark T. Butt
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sciatic Nerve ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽  
Test Article ◽  
Ganglion Neurons ◽  
The Brain

Many preclinical investigations limit the evaluation of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) to paraffin-embedded sections/hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections of the sciatic nerve. This limitation ignores several key mechanisms of toxicity and anatomic differences that may interfere with an accurate assessment of test article effects on the neurons/neurites peripheral to the brain and spinal cord. Ganglion neurons may be exposed to higher concentrations of the test article as compared to neurons in the brain or spinal cord due to differences in capillary permeability. Many peripheral neuropathies are length-dependent, meaning distal nerves may show morphological changes before they are evident in the mid-sciatic nerve. Paraffin-embedded nerves are not optimal to assess myelin changes, notably those leading to demyelination. Differentiating between axonal or myelin degeneration may not be possible from the examination of paraffin-embedded sections. A sampling strategy more consistent with known mechanisms of toxicity, atraumatic harvest of tissues, optimized fixation, and the use of resin and paraffin-embedded sections will greatly enhance the pathologist’s ability to observe and characterize effects in the PNS.

Experience with examination of the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system (PNS) in mice: A brief overview

2014 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 277-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg J. Krinke ◽  
Annika Herrmann ◽  
Annette Körner ◽  
Christian Landes ◽  
Francine Sauner
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System

Pathophysiology of Pain and Pain Pathways

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Trigo Blanco ◽  
Maricarmen Roche Rodriguez ◽  
Nalini Vadivelu
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Emotional Response ◽  
Protective Function ◽  
Medullary Dorsal Horn ◽  
Pain Pathways ◽  
Nociceptive Information

Pain is a distressing experience and an important cause of suffering and disability. Pain usually signals the presence of injury or disease and generates a complex physiologic and emotional response. It has a protective function in order to restore homeostasis at the autonomic and psychological levels. This chapter reviews the physiology and mechanisms of pain, as well as the pathways in the central and peripheral nervous system that transmit nociceptive information. The chapter divides the pain anatomical pathways into the peripheral nervous system, the spinal cord with the medullary dorsal horn system, and the ascending and supraspinal system. The authors explain the pain pathways as a three-neuron pathway that carries noxious information from the periphery to the cerebral cortex. This chapter defines important concepts such as sensitization, hyperalgesia, and allodynia, as well as describes the modulation process of nociception.

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