scholarly journals Fixed Effects and Post-Treatment Bias in Legacy Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Homola ◽  
Miguel M. Pereira ◽  
Margit Tavits
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Correlated Noise ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Spatially Correlated ◽  
Treatment Bias ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

A growing literature examines how historical institutions influence contemporary political attitudes and behavior. Recent work has argued that these studies need to properly account for spatial heterogeneity by incorporating regional fixed effects. Here, we discuss the theoretical and empirical obstacles that have to be addressed to properly incorporate fixed effects in legacy studies. We illustrate our arguments using Pepinsky et al.'s (2020) reassessment of a recent study on the long-term effects of concentration camps in Germany (Homola et al. 2020). We show that Pepinsky et al. incorporate fixed effects incorrectly and, as a result, their analysis suffers from post-treatment bias. We further demonstrate that results from the original article remain substantively the same when we incorporate regional fixed effects correctly. Finally, simulations reveal that camp proximity consistently outperforms spatially correlated noise in this specific study.

THE LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF STATE REPRESSION ON POLITICAL BEHAVIOR AND ATTITUDES: EVIDENCE FROM TAIWAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-22
Author(s):  
Fang-Yi Chiou ◽  
Ji Yeon Hong
Keyword(s):  
Political Behavior ◽  
Mainland China ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
State Repression ◽  
Presidential Candidates ◽  
Long Run ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
Ruling Party

Abstract This article examines how violence against citizens affects their political attitudes and behavior in the long run, and how those effects vary over time. We construct and analyze a novel dataset on the victims of Taiwan's February 28 Incident, in 1947, with survey data spanning 1990 to 2017. Our empirical analysis shows that cohorts having directly or indirectly experienced the Incident are less likely to support the Kuomintang Party (KMT), the former authoritarian ruling party responsible for the Incident. They tend to disagree with the key conventional policy stand of the KMT (unification with mainland China), are more likely to self-identify as Taiwanese, and are less likely to vote for KMT presidential candidates. Taiwan's residents who were born in towns with larger number of casualties during the Incident are more likely to reject unification. Finally, the effects are found to vary over the period following democratization.

scholarly journals Early adolescent Depo-Provera exposure increases stillbirths in adult sooty mangabeys

Reproduction ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-505
Author(s):  
Maurand Cappelletti ◽  
Kelly Ethun ◽  
Tracy Meeker ◽  
Gretchen Von Scherr ◽  
Kim Wallen
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Sooty Mangabey ◽  
Treatment Cessation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sooty Mangabeys ◽  
Depo Provera ◽  
Cercocebus Atys ◽  
Treatment Onset

The 3-month injectable contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; Depo-Provera) is a synthetic progestin that protects against pregnancy by suppressing ovulation. Studies have focused on the resumption of ovulation after MPA-treatment cessation but neglected potential long-term effects of MPA exposure on future successful reproduction. MPA is frequently administered to adolescent girls; however, long-term fertility effects of adolescent MPA exposure have not been explored. We investigated fertility after extended MPA exposure in a species of old world primate, the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys). Female sooty mangabeys (n=31) received chronic MPA-treatment for 4–8 years. At MPA-treatment onset, subjects were either parous adults (n=14) or nulliparous adolescents (n=17), with adolescent-treated subjects being further divided into those who had reached first ovulation (n=10) and those who had not (n=7). After MPA-treatment cessation, adolescent-treated females had a significantly higher incidence of stillbirth than did age-matched and parity-matched controls, whereas adult-treated females did not differ from their matched controls. Females placed on MPA-treatment prior to first ovulation had a significantly higher incidence of stillbirth post-treatment than did females placed on MPA-treatment after first ovulation. Diabetic females had an increased incidence of stillbirth as compared to nondiabetic females; however, when controlling for diabetes, MPA exposure prior to first ovulation was still a significant positive predictor of stillbirth. These findings suggest that the post-treatment fertility effects of chronic MPA exposure vary with the developmental timing of treatment onset and raise concern about the use of MPA as a contraceptive for adolescent girls.

scholarly journals Language in Preterm Born Children: Atypical Development and Effects of Early Interventions on Neuroplasticity

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Vandormael ◽  
Lucie Schoenhals ◽  
Petra S. Hüppi ◽  
Manuela Filippa ◽  
Cristina Borradori Tolsa
Keyword(s):  
Preterm Birth ◽  
Language Development ◽  
Early Exposure ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Atypical Development ◽  
Preterm Born ◽  
And Behavior

Predicting language performances after preterm birth is challenging. It is described in the literature that early exposure to the extrauterine environment can be either detrimental or advantageous for neurodevelopment. However, the emphasis mostly lies on the fact that preterm birth may have an unfavorable effect on numerous aspects of development such as cognition, language, and behavior. Various studies reported atypical language development in preterm born children in the preschool years but also in school-aged children and adolescents. This review gives an overview of the course of language development and examines how prematurity can lead to atypical linguistic performances. In this paper, we mainly focus on environmental and neurophysiological factors influencing preterm infant neuroplasticity with potential short- and long-term effects on language development. Further research, however, should focus on examining the possible benefits that early exposure might entail.

scholarly journals Dictators and Their Subjects: Authoritarian Attitudinal Effects and Legacies

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1839-1860
Author(s):  
Anja Neundorf ◽  
Grigore Pop-Eleches
Keyword(s):  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Driving Mechanisms ◽  
Attitudinal Effects ◽  
Long Term Impact ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior ◽  
New Framework

This introductory essay outlines the key themes of the special issue on the long-term impact of autocracies on the political attitudes and behavior of their subjects. Here, we highlight several important areas of theoretical and empirical refinements, which can provide a more nuanced picture of the process through which authoritarian attitudinal legacies emerge and persist. First, we define the nature of attitudinal legacies and their driving mechanisms, developing a framework of competing socialization. Second, we use the competing socialization framework to explain two potential sources of heterogeneity in attitudinal and behavioral legacies: varieties of institutional features of authoritarian regimes, which affect the nature of regime socialization efforts; and variations across different subgroups of (post-)authoritarian citizens, which reflect the nature and strength of alternative socialization efforts. This new framework can help us to better understand contradictory findings in this emerging literature as well as set a new agenda for future research.

scholarly journals Cognitive–behavioural therapy for personal recovery of patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. e100040
Author(s):  
Weiliang Wang ◽  
Yuqiu Zhou ◽  
Nannan Chai ◽  
Dongwei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Personal Recovery ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural

BackgroundTo date, cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) trials have primarily focused on clinical recovery; however, personal recovery is actually the fundamental aspect of the recovery process. The aim of this study was to summarise and synthesise the existing evidence regarding the effectiveness of CBT for personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia.AimThis study aimed to determine the effectiveness of CBT for personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia.MethodsA systematic search of the literature in PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane (CENTRAL), Embase and Web of Science (SCI) was conducted to identify randomised controlled trials reporting the impact of CBT interventions on personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia. The estimated effect sizes of the main study outcomes were calculated to estimate the magnitude of the treatment effects of CBT on personal recovery. We also evaluated the CBT’s effect size at the end-of-treatment and long-term (follow-up) changes in some aspects of personal recovery.ResultsTwenty-five studies were included in the analysis. The effect of CBT on personal recovery was 2.27 (95% CI 0.10 to 4.45; I2=0%; p=0.04) at post-treatment and the long-term effect size was 2.62 (95% CI 0.51 to 4.47; I2=0%; p=0.02). During the post-treatment period, the pooled effect size of CBT was 0.01 (95% CI −0.12 to 0.15; I2=33.0%; p>0.05) for quality of life (QoL), 0.643 (95% CI 0.056 to 1.130; I2=30.8%; p<0.01) for psychological health-related QoL, −1.77 (95% CI −3.29 to −0.25; I2=40%; p=0.02) for hopelessness and 1.85 (95% CI 0.69 to 3.01; I2=41%; p<0.01) for self-esteem. We also summarised the effects of CBT on QoL (subscale scores not included in the evaluation of the pooled effect size), self-confidence and connectedness, and all results corresponded to positive effects. However, there was insufficient evidence regarding the long-term effects of CBT on personal recovery.ConclusionsCBT is an effective therapy with meaningful clinical effect sizes on personal recovery and some aspects of personal recovery of schizophrenia after treatment. However, the effect is relatively immediate and rapidly decreases as time progresses. Therefore, in the future, more studies should focus on the mechanism of CBT for personal recovery and the factors that influence the long-term effects of CBT.Trial registration numberCRD42018085643.

LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE, ESTROGEN, OR PLACEBO ON SELF-IMAGE AND BEHAVIOR IN TURNER SYNDROME

1993 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. S50-S50
Author(s):  
J L Ross ◽  
E McCauley ◽  
L Freund ◽  
G B Cutler
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Turner Syndrome ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Self Image ◽  
And Behavior
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