early exposure
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2022 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Pamela L. Ferguson ◽  
Sarah Commodore ◽  
Brian Neelon ◽  
JacKetta Cobbs ◽  
Anthony C. Sciscione ◽  
...  

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
An-Shun Tai ◽  
Yen-Tsung Huang ◽  
Hwai-I Yang ◽  
Lauren V. Lan ◽  
Sheng-Hsuan Lin

Regression-based approaches are widely used in causal mediation analysis. The presence of multiple mediators, however, increases the complexity and difficulty of mediation analysis. In such cases, regression-based approaches cannot efficiently address estimation issues. Hence, a flexible approach to mediation analysis is needed. Therefore, we developed a method for using g-computation algorithm to conduct causal mediation analysis in the presence of multiple ordered mediators. Compared to regression-based approaches, the proposed simulation-based approach increases flexibility in the choice of models and increases the range of the outcome scale. The Taiwanese Cohort Study dataset was used to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed approach for investigating the mediating role of early and late HBV viral load in the effect of HCV infection on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in HBV seropositive patients (n = 2,878; HCV carrier n = 123). Our results indicated that early HBV viral load had a negative mediating role in HCV-induced HCC. Additionally, early exposure to a low HBV viral load affected HCC through a lag effect on HCC incidence [OR = 0.873, 95% CI = (0.853, 0.893)], and the effect of early exposure to a low HBV viral load on HCC incidence was slightly larger than that of a persistently low viral load on HCC incidence [OR = 0.918, 95% CI = (0.896, 0.941)].


Author(s):  
Erin N. Palmwood ◽  
Emilio A. Valadez ◽  
Lindsay A. Zajac ◽  
Alyssa L. Griffith ◽  
Robert F. Simons ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
pp. 145-181
Author(s):  
Liza Gennaro

The move away from modern dance and ballet to jazz dance as the prominent movement lexicon employed on Broadway is explored. I examine Katherine Dunham and Jack Cole’s influence on a generation of choreographers and Bob Fosse’s fusion of the dominant paradigms established by de Mille and Robbins. I give special attention to Fosse’s choreographic influences, including his early exposure to nightclubs and strip joints, comic/eccentric dancer Joe Frisco, Fred Astaire, and Jack Cole. Beginning with his work in The Pajama Game (1954) under the mentorship of Robbins and examining selected works from Damn Yankees (1955) and Sweet Charity (1966), I study Fosse’s choreographic development. My close reading of the musical number “Big Spender” reveals Fosse’s dramaturgical process. I examine the number in relation to the 1960s sexual revolution; representations of the female dancing body in both commercial theater and concert venues; and in relation to de Mille’s “Postcard Girls” from her Oklahoma! dream ballet, “Laurey Makes Up Her Mind.” I also consider Fosse’s post-Sweet Charity objectification of the female body; his late career disregard for the precepts of time and place in relation to character, and his formulation of a distinctly identifiable movement lexicon—the “Fosse Style.” The chapter closes with three more influential director-choreographers: Gower Champion, with his innovative cinematic approach to stage musicals and his standard use of showbiz dance lexicons undisturbed by modernist methods; Michael Bennett, a strict proponent of Robbins methods and the inheritor of the Robbins’ mantle; and Donald McKayle, one of the only African American director-choreographers working in the late twentieth-century Broadway arena.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Klein ◽  
Victoria Frazier ◽  
Timothy Readdean ◽  
Emily Lucas ◽  
Erica P. Diaz-Jimenez ◽  
...  

The anthozoan sea anemone Nematostella vectensis belongs to the phylum of cnidarians which also includes jellyfish and corals. Nematostella are native to United States East Coast marsh lands, where they constantly adapt to changes in salinity, temperature, oxygen concentration and pH. Its natural ability to continually acclimate to changing environments coupled with its genetic tractability render Nematostella a powerful model organism in which to study the effects of common pollutants on the natural development of these animals. Potassium nitrate, commonly used in fertilizers, and Phthalates, a component of plastics are frequent environmental stressors found in coastal and marsh waters. Here we present data showing how early exposure to these pollutants lead to dramatic defects in development of the embryos and eventual mortality possibly due to defects in feeding ability. Additionally, we examined the microbiome of the animals and identified shifts in the microbial community that correlated with the type of water that was used to grow the animals, and with their exposure to pollutants.


2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Steven R. H. Beach ◽  
Frederick X. Gibbons ◽  
Sierra E. Carter ◽  
Mei Ling Ong ◽  
Justin A. Lavner ◽  
...  

Abstract We expand upon prior work (Gibbons et al., 2012) relating childhood stressor effects, particularly harsh childhood environments, to risky behavior and ultimately physical health by adding longer-term outcomes – deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) methylation-based measures of accelerated aging (DNAm-aging). Further, following work on the effects of early exposure to danger (McLaughlin et al., 2014), we also identify an additional pathway from harsh childhood environments to DNAm-aging that we label the danger/FKBP5 pathway, which includes early exposure to dangerous community conditions that are thought to impact glucocorticoid regulation and pro-inflammatory mechanisms. Because different DNAm-aging indices provide different windows on accelerated aging, we contrast effects on early indices of DNAm-aging based on chronological age with later indices that focused on predicting biological outcomes. We utilize data from Family and Community Health Study participants (N = 449) from age 10 to 29. We find that harshness influences parenting, which, in turn, influences accelerated DNAm-aging through the risky cognitions and substance use (i.e., behavioral) pathway outlined by Gibbons et al. (2012). Harshness is also associated with increased exposure to threat/danger, which, in turn, leads to accelerated DNAm-aging through effects on FKBP5 activity and enhanced pro-inflammatory tendencies (i.e., the danger/FKBP5 pathway).


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyunsuk Jeong ◽  
Hyeon Woo Yim ◽  
Seung-Yup Lee ◽  
Hae Kook Lee ◽  
Marc N. Potenza ◽  
...  

Objectives: Although considerable evidence has already been collected on the effects of early initiation of drug/alcohol consumption on addictive behaviors in adolescents, little is known about the impact of early exposure to online games during preschool ages on the risk of internet gaming disorder (IGD). We evaluated the effects of exposure to online games before entering elementary school on IGD occurrence during the secondary school years using a community-based longitudinal study.Methods: Data from 1,760 adolescents (seventh grade), who were recruited from the iCURE study and followed for 2 years, were analyzed. A high risk of IGD (HRIGD) was assessed by the Internet Game Use Elicited Symptom Screen, a self-reported questionnaire based on the fifth version of DSM-5 IGD criteria. Early exposure to online gaming was defined as when adolescents played online games during their preschool years. A multivariate generalized-estimating-equation model was applied to examine the independent risk factor of the occurrence of HRIGD during the 2-year follow-up period.Results: As compared with the later-exposure group, those with early exposure to online games showed an ~1.7-fold greater incidence of HRIGD over the 2-year follow-ups after adjusting for potential confounders including baseline IGD scores (adjusted relative risk:1.69; 95%confidence interval:1.08–2.66). Pre-specified sensitivity analyses showed that the results were robust.Conclusion: Exposure to online gaming during the preschool years increases the likelihood of occurrence of HRIGD in adolescence. Restricting exposure to online games during the preschool years should be examined as a way to reduce the risk of IGD in adolescents.Clinical Trial Registration:www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT02415322.


Author(s):  
E. M. Raat ◽  
I. Farr ◽  
J. M. Wolfe ◽  
K. K. Evans

AbstractExpert radiologists can discern normal from abnormal mammograms with above-chance accuracy after brief (e.g. 500 ms) exposure. They can even predict cancer risk viewing currently normal images (priors) from women who will later develop cancer. This involves a rapid, global, non-selective process called “gist extraction”. It is not yet known whether prolonged exposure can strengthen the gist signal, or if it is available solely in the early exposure. This is of particular interest for the priors that do not contain any localizable signal of abnormality. The current study compared performance with brief (500 ms) or unlimited exposure for four types of mammograms (normal, abnormal, contralateral, priors). Groups of expert radiologists and untrained observers were tested. As expected, radiologists outperformed naïve participants. Replicating prior work, they exceeded chance performance though the gist signal was weak. However, we found no consistent performance differences in radiologists or naïves between timing conditions. Exposure time neither increased nor decreased ability to identify the gist of abnormality or predict cancer risk. If gist signals are to have a place in cancer risk assessments, more efforts should be made to strengthen the signal.


2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 104332
Author(s):  
Pierre Azoulay ◽  
Wesley H. Greenblatt ◽  
Misty L. Heggeness

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