scholarly journals Early adolescent Depo-Provera exposure increases stillbirths in adult sooty mangabeys

Reproduction ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 150 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-505
Author(s):  
Maurand Cappelletti ◽  
Kelly Ethun ◽  
Tracy Meeker ◽  
Gretchen Von Scherr ◽  
Kim Wallen
Keyword(s):  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Sooty Mangabey ◽  
Treatment Cessation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sooty Mangabeys ◽  
Depo Provera ◽  
Cercocebus Atys ◽  
Treatment Onset

The 3-month injectable contraceptive medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA; Depo-Provera) is a synthetic progestin that protects against pregnancy by suppressing ovulation. Studies have focused on the resumption of ovulation after MPA-treatment cessation but neglected potential long-term effects of MPA exposure on future successful reproduction. MPA is frequently administered to adolescent girls; however, long-term fertility effects of adolescent MPA exposure have not been explored. We investigated fertility after extended MPA exposure in a species of old world primate, the sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys). Female sooty mangabeys (n=31) received chronic MPA-treatment for 4–8 years. At MPA-treatment onset, subjects were either parous adults (n=14) or nulliparous adolescents (n=17), with adolescent-treated subjects being further divided into those who had reached first ovulation (n=10) and those who had not (n=7). After MPA-treatment cessation, adolescent-treated females had a significantly higher incidence of stillbirth than did age-matched and parity-matched controls, whereas adult-treated females did not differ from their matched controls. Females placed on MPA-treatment prior to first ovulation had a significantly higher incidence of stillbirth post-treatment than did females placed on MPA-treatment after first ovulation. Diabetic females had an increased incidence of stillbirth as compared to nondiabetic females; however, when controlling for diabetes, MPA exposure prior to first ovulation was still a significant positive predictor of stillbirth. These findings suggest that the post-treatment fertility effects of chronic MPA exposure vary with the developmental timing of treatment onset and raise concern about the use of MPA as a contraceptive for adolescent girls.

scholarly journals Cognitive–behavioural therapy for personal recovery of patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. e100040
Author(s):  
Weiliang Wang ◽  
Yuqiu Zhou ◽  
Nannan Chai ◽  
Dongwei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Behavioural Therapy ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Effect Sizes ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Personal Recovery ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural

BackgroundTo date, cognitive–behavioural therapy (CBT) trials have primarily focused on clinical recovery; however, personal recovery is actually the fundamental aspect of the recovery process. The aim of this study was to summarise and synthesise the existing evidence regarding the effectiveness of CBT for personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia.AimThis study aimed to determine the effectiveness of CBT for personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia.MethodsA systematic search of the literature in PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane (CENTRAL), Embase and Web of Science (SCI) was conducted to identify randomised controlled trials reporting the impact of CBT interventions on personal recovery in patients with schizophrenia. The estimated effect sizes of the main study outcomes were calculated to estimate the magnitude of the treatment effects of CBT on personal recovery. We also evaluated the CBT’s effect size at the end-of-treatment and long-term (follow-up) changes in some aspects of personal recovery.ResultsTwenty-five studies were included in the analysis. The effect of CBT on personal recovery was 2.27 (95% CI 0.10 to 4.45; I2=0%; p=0.04) at post-treatment and the long-term effect size was 2.62 (95% CI 0.51 to 4.47; I2=0%; p=0.02). During the post-treatment period, the pooled effect size of CBT was 0.01 (95% CI −0.12 to 0.15; I2=33.0%; p>0.05) for quality of life (QoL), 0.643 (95% CI 0.056 to 1.130; I2=30.8%; p<0.01) for psychological health-related QoL, −1.77 (95% CI −3.29 to −0.25; I2=40%; p=0.02) for hopelessness and 1.85 (95% CI 0.69 to 3.01; I2=41%; p<0.01) for self-esteem. We also summarised the effects of CBT on QoL (subscale scores not included in the evaluation of the pooled effect size), self-confidence and connectedness, and all results corresponded to positive effects. However, there was insufficient evidence regarding the long-term effects of CBT on personal recovery.ConclusionsCBT is an effective therapy with meaningful clinical effect sizes on personal recovery and some aspects of personal recovery of schizophrenia after treatment. However, the effect is relatively immediate and rapidly decreases as time progresses. Therefore, in the future, more studies should focus on the mechanism of CBT for personal recovery and the factors that influence the long-term effects of CBT.Trial registration numberCRD42018085643.

scholarly journals Penyuluhan dan Deteksi Dini Anemia menuju Generasi Berkualitas pada Mahasiswa Kebidanan

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-84
Author(s):  
Marlynda Happy Nurmalita Sari ◽  
Dina Dewi Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
The Body ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adolescent Learning ◽  
Diploma Program

Background: The prevalence of anemia in adolescent girls in Indonesia is still high at 57.1%. As a result of anemia is adolescent learning achievement can decrease, work productivity decreases and body immunity decreases so that the body is easily infected. Long-term effects of anemia in adolescent girls can occur complications of pregnancy and even the risk of maternal and perinatal death. Purpose of this studi is provide counseling and early detection of anemia to Midwifery students as an effort to make them aware in preventing and overcoming anemia. Methods: The target of this activity is 132 students of the Blora Midwifery Diploma Program. This activity is carried out by providing information or knowledge in the form of counseling to students about anemia and followed by history and physical examination. Only students who showed signs and symptoms of anemia who were tested for HB levels were 30 students. Results: Early detection of 30 students there were 53.3% who were not anemic and 46.7% were anemic. Most of the students' menstruation period is 6-7 days which is 73.3%. While the results of counseling some students already understand about anemia. Conclusion: Of the 132 students only 30 showed signs and symptoms of anemia. Hb examination results are almost the same between respondents who are anemic and not anemic. It is hoped that the results of community service activities can be used as an illustration of the incidence of anemia in Midwifery students so that efforts can be made to prevent and manage anemia. Provide motivation and awareness to students to consume nutritious and iron-containing foods or to consume extra blood tablets.

scholarly journals Probiotic and Peanut OIT leads to long-lasting sustained unresponsiveness and quality-of-life improvement in peanut-allergic children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paxton Loke ◽  
Kuang-Chih Hsiao ◽  
Adriana Lozinsky ◽  
Sarah Ashley ◽  
Melanie Lloyd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Adverse Events ◽  
Peanut Allergy ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Sustained Unresponsiveness ◽  
End Of Treatment

Background: Combined treatment with probiotic and peanut oral immunotherapy (PPOIT) was shown to induce sustained unresponsiveness (SU) in a proof-of-concept randomized trial. Additional data on safety and long-term outcomes are needed. This study aimed to evaluate the safety and long-term effects of PPOIT in children with peanut allergy. Methods: Open-label study of 20 children aged 1-12 years with challenge-confirmed peanut allergy; all children received 18-months of PPOIT. Efficacy endpoints were desensitization, 8-week SU, and persistence of 8-week SU at 3-years post-treatment, assessed by double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge (cumulative 4950mg peanut protein). Treatment emergent adverse events and relationship to study treatment were recorded. Immunologic measures and health related quality of life (HRQL) were evaluated at screening, end-of-treatment and 3-years post-treatment. Results: Sixteen children (75%) completed treatment. By intention-to-treat analysis, 75% (15/20) achieved desensitization and 60% (12/20) achieved 8-week SU. Ten of 12 participants with SU at end-of-treatment consented to the 3-year SU challenge; 6 (60%) had persistence of SU. PPOIT was associated with significantly reduced peanut skin prick test wheal size and serum peanut specific-IgE levels at end-of-treatment, 12-months and 3-years post-treatment. There were no serious adverse events. HRQL scores improved (exceeding the Minimal Clinically Important Difference of 0.45) at 12-months post-treatment with benefit sustained at 3-years post-treatment. Conclusions: Eighteen months of PPOIT induced high rates of desensitization and SU, and SU persisted to 3-years post-treatment in a majority of initial responders. PPOIT led to long-lasting suppression of peanut sIgE and long-lasting clinically important improvement in HRQL.

Intervertebral Disc Function Is Restored in an In Vivo Model of Chronic Nucleus Pulposus Glycosaminoglycan Reduction

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
John I. Boxberger ◽  
Joshua D. Auerbach ◽  
Sounok Sen ◽  
George R. Dodge ◽  
Dawn M. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Intervertebral Disc ◽  
Nucleus Pulposus ◽  
Disc Degeneration ◽  
Lumbar Disc ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
In Vivo Model ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Early Human

Reduced nucleus pulposus glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content is one of the earliest clinically detectable changes during the course of intervertebral disc degeneration [1,2]. Depletion of nucleus GAG by small percentages consistent with this early loss has been experimentally linked to altered motion segment mechanical function, and thus, potentially increases the risk of damage accumulation directly due to elevated stresses and strains and through altered cellular function [3]. Recently, our laboratory has established an in vivo model in a rat lumbar disc which moderately decreases nucleus GAG to levels observed in early human degeneration. In this model, GAG loss is accompanied by a state of hypermobility at both 4 and 12 weeks post treatment [4], potentially making the disc susceptible to mechanical failure. The objective of this study was to determine the long term effects of nucleus GAG depletion and to determine if altered discs demonstrate hallmark features of disc degeneration. We hypothesized that GAG will remain depleted 24 weeks post treatment, potentially decreasing to lower levels, and further that geometrical and mechanical changes consistent with degeneration will be observed.

scholarly journals Comparative politics and causal evaluation of structural reforms: the case of the UK national minimum wage introduction

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 301-314
Author(s):  
Thomas König ◽  
Guido Ropers ◽  
Anika Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Wage ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Structural Reforms ◽  
Synthetic Control ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Similar Treatment

AbstractIn comparative studies, causal evaluations attempt to improve our understanding of the effectiveness of structural reforms by counterfactually inspecting post-treatment effects. Yet, even if comparative scholars find similar treatment and comparison units, the interpretation of the post-treatment trajectory is difficult as short-term estimates can be subject to strategic timing of reform implementation, while long-term effects are likely affected by further interventions. To illustrate these difficulties we apply the generalized synthetic control method to evaluate the introduction of a British national minimum wage. We find a short-term decreasing effect on youth unemployment that turns into an increasing effect over time. This suggests the presence of an upward biased selection effect from strategic timing. We also inspect two post-treatment interventions and find that they differ in their general and country-specific implications for the long-term trajectory.

scholarly journals Short- and Long-Term Effects of Ibandronate Treatment on Bone Turnover in Paget Disease of Bone

2000 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-690 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henning W Woitge ◽  
Heike Oberwittler ◽  
Silke Heichel ◽  
Andreas Grauer ◽  
Reinhard Ziegler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Bone Turnover ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Therapeutic Monitoring ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Paget Disease Of Bone ◽  
Paget Disease ◽  
Markers Of Bone Turnover

Abstract Background: In Paget disease of bone (PD), serum total alkaline phosphatase (TAP) is a valid marker of disease activity. The aim of the present longitudinal study was to compare TAP with new and potentially more specific markers of bone turnover in bisphosphonate-treated patients with PD. Methods: Twenty patients with active PD were studied before and after treatment with 2 mg of intravenous ibandronate over a period of 12 months. TAP (by colorimetry), serum bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BAP; by enzyme immunoassay), serum osteocalcin (OC; by ELISA), serum bone sialoprotein (BSP; by RIA), and urinary total pyridinoline (PYD; by HPLC) and deoxypyridinoline (DPD; by HPLC) were measured as markers of bone turnover. Results: Before treatment, TAP, BAP, and BSP were increased in all 20 patients, whereas OC was increased in 10, PYD in 13, and DPD in 15 patients. Three months post treatment, nine patients showed normalized TAP values, and a ≥25% re-increase (i.e., relapse) was observed in all patients after 12 months. A normalization of BAP was achieved in six patients only. No significant changes were found for OC. BSP was decreased significantly at 24 h, and DPD at 48 h post treatment. A normalization of BSP was found in 8, of PYD in 18, and of DPD in 16 cases. Both PYD and DPD increased significantly from 9 months post treatment onward. Conclusions: Most markers of bone turnover show similar long-term changes after treatment of active PD with ibandronate. With regard to cost-effectiveness and assay performance, TAP remains the marker of choice in therapeutic monitoring of PD. However, more specific markers may improve the biochemical assessment of PD in certain situations.

scholarly journals Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for the treatment of current depressive symptoms: A meta-analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Goldberg ◽  
Raymond P. Tucker ◽  
Preston A. Greene ◽  
Richard J Davidson ◽  
David J. Kearney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Cognitive Therapy ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trials ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
K 13 ◽  
The Impact

Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) appears to be a promising intervention for the prevention of relapse in major depressive disorder, but its efficacy in patients with current depres- sive symptoms is less clear. Randomized clinical trials of MBCT for adult patients with current depressive symptoms were included (k = 13, N = 1046). Comparison conditions were coded based on whether they were intended to be therapeutic (specific active con- trols) or not (non-specific controls). MBCT was superior to non- specific controls at post-treatment (k = 10, d = 0.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0.47, 0.96]), although not at longest follow-up (k = 2, d = 1.47, [−0.71, 3.65], mean follow-up = 5.70 months across all studies with follow-up). MBCT did not differ from other active thera- pies at post-treatment (k = 6, d = 0.002, [−0.43, 0.44]) and longest follow-up (k = 4, d = 0.26, [−0.24, 0.75]). There was some evidence that studies with higher methodological quality showed smaller effects at post-treatment, but no evidence that effects varied by inclusion criterion. The impact of publication bias appeared minimal. MBCT seems to be efficacious for samples with current depressive symptoms at post-treatment, although a limited number of studies tested the long-term effects of this therapy.

scholarly journals Fixed Effects and Post-Treatment Bias in Legacy Studies

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Homola ◽  
Miguel M. Pereira ◽  
Margit Tavits
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Concentration Camps ◽  
Correlated Noise ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Spatially Correlated ◽  
Treatment Bias ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Attitudes And Behavior

A growing literature examines how historical institutions influence contemporary political attitudes and behavior. Recent work has argued that these studies need to properly account for spatial heterogeneity by incorporating regional fixed effects. Here, we discuss the theoretical and empirical obstacles that have to be addressed to properly incorporate fixed effects in legacy studies. We illustrate our arguments using Pepinsky et al.'s (2020) reassessment of a recent study on the long-term effects of concentration camps in Germany (Homola et al. 2020). We show that Pepinsky et al. incorporate fixed effects incorrectly and, as a result, their analysis suffers from post-treatment bias. We further demonstrate that results from the original article remain substantively the same when we incorporate regional fixed effects correctly. Finally, simulations reveal that camp proximity consistently outperforms spatially correlated noise in this specific study.

Long-term effects of Depo-Provera on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

Contraception ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana F.M. Liew ◽  
Charles S.A. Ng ◽  
Y.M. Yong ◽  
S.S. Ratnam
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Carbohydrate And Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Depo Provera

Long-term Effects of the Herbst Appliance on the Dental Arches and Arch Relationships: A Biometric Study

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken Hansen ◽  
Pannamas Iemamnueisuk ◽  
Hans Pancherz
Keyword(s):  
Growth Period ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Dental Arch ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Herbst Appliance ◽  
Mandibular Arch ◽  
Division 1 ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Upper Molar

The purpose of this study was to evaluate biometrically the treatment and post-treatment effects of the Herbst appliance on the dental arches and arch relationships. The sample consisted of 53 Class II, division 1 malocclusion patients (33 boys and 20 girls) treated with the Herbst appliance. The mean age of the patients before treatment was 12·5 years (SD = 1·2 years). Dental casts were analysed before treatment, after treatment, 6 months post-treatment and at the end of the growth period (5–10 years post-treatment). The following variables were assessed: sagittal molar and canine relationships, overjet, overbite, maxillary and mandibular arch perimeters, and inter-molar and inter-canine dental arch widths. During treatment, the overjet, overbite, and sagittal molar relationship were overcorrected in most of the cases, while the sagittal canine relationship was normalized. The maxillary and mandibular arch perimeters increased during treatment, as did dental arch widths (moral and canine). In the long-term (mean = 6·7 years after treatment), Herbst appliance treatment resulted in a normal or over-corrected sagittal molar relationship in 79 per cent and a normal canine relationship in 68 per cent of the cases. Eighty-three per cent of the subjects has an overjet of 4·5 mm or less. In the long-term, the arch perimeters seemed to follow a normal dental development pattern. The increase of the upper molar and canine dental arch widths during treatment remained virtually stable whilst the lower intermolar arch widths seemed unaffected by treatment.

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