scholarly journals Top-down versus bottom-up theories of phonological acquisition: A big data approach

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christina Bergmann ◽  
Sho Tsuji ◽  
Alejandrina Cristia
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Word Segmentation ◽  
Phonological Development ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Phonological Categories ◽  
Word Forms ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Infant Language

Recent work has made available a number of standardized meta-analyses bearing on various aspects of infant language processing. We utilize data from two such meta-analyses (discrimination of vowel contrasts and word segmentation, i.e., recognition of word forms extracted from running speech) to assess whether the published body of empirical evidence supports a bottom-up versus a top-down theory of early phonological development by leveling the power of results from thousands of infants. We predicted that if infants can rely purely on auditory experience to develop their phonological categories, then vowel discrimination and word segmentation should develop in parallel, with the latter being potentially lagged compared to the former. However, if infants crucially rely on word form information to build their phonological categories, then development at the word level must precede the acquisition of native sound categories. Our results do not support the latter prediction. We discuss potential implications and limitations, most saliently that word forms are only one top-down level proposed to affect phonological development, with other proposals suggesting that top-down pressures emerge from lexical (i.e., word-meaning pairs) development. This investigation also highlights general procedures by which standardized meta-analyses may be reused to answer theoretical questions spanning across phenomena.

scholarly journals Spared bottom-up but impaired top-down interactive effects during naturalistic language processing in schizophrenia: evidence from the visual-world paradigm

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (08) ◽  
pp. 1335-1345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Rabagliati ◽  
Nathaniel Delaney-Busch ◽  
Jesse Snedeker ◽  
Gina Kuperberg
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Visual World ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Lexical Representations ◽  
Spoken Language Processing ◽  
Level Information

AbstractBackgroundPeople with schizophrenia process language in unusual ways, but the causes of these abnormalities are unclear. In particular, it has proven difficult to empirically disentangle explanations based on impairments in the top-down processing of higher level information from those based on the bottom-up processing of lower level information.MethodsTo distinguish these accounts, we used visual-world eye tracking, a paradigm that measures spoken language processing during real-world interactions. Participants listened to and then acted out syntactically ambiguous spoken instructions (e.g. ‘tickle the frog with the feather’, which could either specify how to tickle a frog, or which frog to tickle). We contrasted how 24 people with schizophrenia and 24 demographically matched controls used two types of lower level information (prosody and lexical representations) and two types of higher level information (pragmatic and discourse-level representations) to resolve the ambiguous meanings of these instructions. Eye tracking allowed us to assess how participants arrived at their interpretation in real time, while recordings of participants’ actions measured how they ultimately interpreted the instructions.ResultsWe found a striking dissociation in participants’ eye movements: the two groups were similarly adept at using lower level information to immediately constrain their interpretations of the instructions, but only controls showed evidence of fast top-down use of higher level information. People with schizophrenia, nonetheless, did eventually reach the same interpretations as controls.ConclusionsThese data suggest that language abnormalities in schizophrenia partially result from a failure to use higher level information in a top-down fashion, to constrain the interpretation of language as it unfolds in real time.

scholarly journals Models of Teaching Reading Comprehension Applied by English Teacher of J-2 School In Academic Year 2016/2017

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Ni Wayan Oktavia Usadi
Keyword(s):  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Specific Aspect ◽  
English Teacher ◽  
Teaching Reading ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
Models Of Teaching ◽  
Academic Year

This research aimed to analyze the models that applied by the English teacher on J-2 SCHOOl. The subject was the English teachers and the students of J-2 in academic year of 2016/2017. This research was designed as descriptive research design. The researcher instruments are observation and interviewThe result of this study is the used of bottom-up and top models in teaching reading comprehension based on Grabe theory. The frequency of directive in first and second meeting the teacher taught with bottom-up model. The teacher used bottom-up model to teach the students with word meaning and the small particle part in reading comprehension. The third until five meeting was top-down model. The teacher would teach the students with a specific aspect, like teach the students about the specific of descriptive text. It could make students more critical about the text. The underlying reasons of English teacher apply models in teaching reading comprehension are to make the process of teaching English can run appropriately with the students level and the students can join the learning process efficiently. Bottom-up and top down model could make the students active and comfortable in the classroom. 

scholarly journals Developmental Increase in Top–Down and Bottom–Up Processing in a Phonological Task: An Effective Connectivity, fMRI Study

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1135-1145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tali Bitan ◽  
Jimmy Cheon ◽  
Dong Lu ◽  
Douglas D. Burman ◽  
James R. Booth
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Task Irrelevant

We examined age-related changes in the interactions among brain regions in children performing rhyming judgments on visually presented words. The difficulty of the task was manipulated by including a conflict between task-relevant (phonological) information and task-irrelevant (orthographic) information. The conflicting conditions included pairs of words that rhyme despite having different spelling patterns (jazz–has), or words that do not rhyme despite having similar spelling patterns (pint–mint). These were contrasted with nonconflicting pairs that have similar orthography and phonology (dime–lime) or different orthography and phonology (press–list). Using fMRI, we examined effective connectivity among five left hemisphere regions of interest: fusiform gyrus (FG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), intraparietal sulcus (IPS), lateral temporal cortex (LTC), and medial frontal gyrus (MeFG). Age-related increases were observed in the influence of the IFG and FG on the LTC, but only in conflicting conditions. These results reflect a developmental increase in the convergence of bottom–up and top–down information on the LTC. In older children, top–down control process may selectively enhance the sensitivity of the LTC to bottom–up information from the FG. This may be evident especially in situations that require selective enhancement of task-relevant versus task-irrelevant information. Altogether these results provide a direct evidence for a developmental increase in top–down control processes in language processing. The developmental increase in bottom–up processing may be secondary to the enhancement of top–down processes.

scholarly journals An ALE meta-analytic review of top-down and bottom-up processing of music in the brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Pando-Naude ◽  
Agata Patyczek ◽  
Leonardo Bonetti ◽  
Peter Vuust
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Auditory Cortices ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The Brain

AbstractA remarkable feature of the human brain is its ability to integrate information from the environment with internally generated content. The integration of top-down and bottom-up processes during complex multi-modal human activities, however, is yet to be fully understood. Music provides an excellent model for understanding this since music listening leads to the urge to move, and music making entails both playing and listening at the same time (i.e., audio-motor coupling). Here, we conducted activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses of 130 neuroimaging studies of music perception, production and imagery, with 2660 foci, 139 experiments, and 2516 participants. We found that music perception and production rely on auditory cortices and sensorimotor cortices, while music imagery recruits distinct parietal regions. This indicates that the brain requires different structures to process similar information which is made available either by an interaction with the environment (i.e., bottom-up) or by internally generated content (i.e., top-down).

scholarly journals Revisiting top-down and bottom-up brain processes: a systematic review and ALE meta-analysis of musical studies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Pando-Naude ◽  
Agata Patyczek ◽  
Leonardo Bonetti ◽  
Peter Vuust
Keyword(s):  
Music Perception ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Likelihood Estimation ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Remarkable Feature ◽  
Internal Representations ◽  
Music Production ◽  
Meta Analyses

AbstractThe most remarkable feature of the human brain is perhaps its ability to constantly integrate information from the environment with internal representations to decide the best action. The integration of top-down and bottom-up processes during complex multi-modal human activities, however, is yet to be understood. Music provides an excellent model for understanding this since music listening leads to the urge to move, and music making entails both playing and listening at the same time (i.e. audio-motor coupling). Here, we conducted activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analyses of 130 neuroimaging studies of music perception, production and imagery, with 2660 foci, 139 experiments, and 2516 participants. We found that music perception relies on auditory cortices, music production involves sensorimotor cortices, and music imagery recruits cingulum. This indicates that the brain requires distinct structures to process information which is made available either by the environment (i.e. bottom-up, music perception) or by internal representations (i.e. top-down, music production and imagery).

scholarly journals Laminar specific fMRI reveals directed interactions in distributed networks during language processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (42) ◽  
pp. 21185-21190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Sharoh ◽  
Tim van Mourik ◽  
Lauren J. Bains ◽  
Katrien Segaert ◽  
Kirsten Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Word Reading ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Distributed Networks ◽  
Signal Pathways ◽  
Bold Signal ◽  
Bold Response ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Connectivity Patterns

Interactions between top-down and bottom-up information streams are integral to brain function but challenging to measure noninvasively. Laminar resolution, functional MRI (lfMRI) is sensitive to depth-dependent properties of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response, which can be potentially related to top-down and bottom-up signal contributions. In this work, we used lfMRI to dissociate the top-down and bottom-up signal contributions to the left occipitotemporal sulcus (LOTS) during word reading. We further demonstrate that laminar resolution measurements could be used to identify condition-specific distributed networks on the basis of whole-brain connectivity patterns specific to the depth-dependent BOLD signal. The networks corresponded to top-down and bottom-up signal pathways targeting the LOTS during word reading. We show that reading increased the top-down BOLD signal observed in the deep layers of the LOTS and that this signal uniquely related to the BOLD response in other language-critical regions. These results demonstrate that lfMRI can reveal important patterns of activation that are obscured at standard resolution. In addition to differences in activation strength as a function of depth, we also show meaningful differences in the interaction between signals originating from different depths both within a region and with the rest of the brain. We thus show that lfMRI allows the noninvasive measurement of directed interaction between brain regions and is capable of resolving different connectivity patterns at submillimeter resolution, something previously considered to be exclusively in the domain of invasive recordings.

scholarly journals Avaliação do impacto das abordagens bottom-up e top-down nas atividades da vida diária em pessoas com neglect – revisão sistemática

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 785
Author(s):  
Marlene Neves Rosa ◽  
Andreia Amorim ◽  
Marisa Bartolo ◽  
Ana Rita Martins ◽  
Catarina Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Practice ◽  
Theta Burst Stimulation ◽  
Burst Stimulation ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Feedback Training ◽  
Movement Training ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Theta Burst ◽  
Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation

INTRODUÇÃO: Atualmente não existe um consenso entre quais as caraterísticas das abordagens (bottom-up ou top-down) mais eficazes na reabilitação das Atividades da Vida Diária (AVDs) em pessoas com Síndrome de Neglect (SN). OBJETIVO: Caracterizar as abordagens (bottom-up ou top-down) e o seu impacto nas AVDs em adultos e idosos com SN. MÉTODOS: Esta revisão sistemática foi realizada de acordo com a recomendação PRISMA - Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. A pesquisa bibliográfica foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, Web of Science, PEDro e Cochrane. Foram considerados estudos experimentais em que pelo menos uma técnica das abordagens bottom-up e top-down fosse utilizada. A ferramenta Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for RCTs foi utilizada para avaliar a qualidade metodológica dos estudos. Foi usada a seguinte combinação de palavras chave: Neglect Syndrome OR Unilateral Syndrome OR Neglect (…) AND Activities of Daily Living OR Daily (…) AND Treatment OR Intervention OR Technique (…). RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 16 estudos, dos quais 9 incluem técnicas de abordagem bottom-up, 6 incluem técnicas de abordagem top-down e 1 artigo inclui técnicas das duas abordagens. As técnicas da abordagem bottom-up que aumentaram a independência nas AVDs foram Visuomotor Feedback Training, Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement Training e a combinação de Eye Patching com Constraint-induced Therapy. Na abordagem top-down as técnicas com os mesmos resultados foram Visual Scanning, Mental Practice, Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation e Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation. CONCLUSÃO: As abordagens bottom-up e top-down aumentam a independência nas AVDs e cada uma contém técnicas com significativo impacto positivo, como Visuomotor Feedback Training e Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation. O presente trabalho permitiu uma análise crítica à classificação das abordagens em bottom-up e top-down, uma vez que não são sensíveis à distinção dos mecanismos de reabilitação envolvidos. 

Psychology and Culture: Top Down Versus Bottom Up?

PsycCRITIQUES ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 50 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cole
Keyword(s):  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up
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