scholarly journals Predictors of Assertive and Non-Assertive Styles of Self-Defense Behavior During a Lab-based Sexual Assault Scenario

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
RaeAnn Anderson ◽  
Shawn P Cahill ◽  
Kristin E. Silver ◽  
Douglas L. Delahanty
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
College Women ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Interpersonal Skills ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Defense Behavior ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rape Acknowledgment

The current study examined how psychological factors influence hypothetical behavioral responses to threat (BRTT). College women (n = 113) with a history of sexual victimization completed a standardized lab-based self-defense scenario. Interpersonal skills, coping style, and assertive and non-assertive BRTT during a prior assault predicted assertive BRTT during the task. The use of non-assertive BRTT during past assaults no longer predicted assertive BRTT during the task when accounting for rape acknowledgment. Findings regarding rape acknowledgment demonstrate the complexity of recovery from sexual assault. Our results highlight interpersonal skills as an intervention target for innovative sexual assault risk reduction interventions.

scholarly journals Predictors of Assertive and Nonassertive Styles of Self-Defense Behavior During a Lab-Based Sexual Assault Scenario

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-65
Author(s):  
RaeAnn E. Anderson ◽  
Shawn P. Cahill ◽  
Kristin E. Silver ◽  
Douglas L. Delahanty
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
College Women ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Interpersonal Skills ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Defense Behavior ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rape Acknowledgment

The current study examined how psychological factors influence hypothetical behavioral responses to threat (BRTT). College women ( n = 113) with a history of sexual victimization completed a standardized lab-based self-defense scenario. Interpersonal skills, coping style, and assertive and nonassertive BRTT during a prior assault predicted assertive BRTT during the task. The use of nonassertive BRTT during past assaults no longer predicted assertive BRTT during the task when accounting for rape acknowledgment. Findings regarding rape acknowledgment demonstrate the complexity of recovery from sexual assault. Our results highlight interpersonal skills as an intervention target for innovative sexual assault risk reduction interventions.

scholarly journals Differences in the Style and Sequence of Self-Defense Behavior in Relation to Sexual Victimization in College Women using a Laboratory-Based Scenario

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
RaeAnn Anderson ◽  
Shawn P Cahill ◽  
Douglas L. Delahanty
Keyword(s):  
College Women ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Date Rape ◽  
Defense Behavior ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Hypothetical Scenario ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Threatening Situation

Objective: During a potential sexual assault experience, an active, assertive behavioral response to threat (BRTT) can be protective while a non-assertive BRTT may increase risk. However, little is known about how the sequence of behaviors that a woman engages in during a threatening situation may be related to sexual victimization. The present study investigated the style and sequence of behaviors in college women’s behavioral response to threat using a lab-based date rape self-defense scenario. Method: 135 college women (113 with a history of sexual victimization) completed a lab-based self-defense scenario in which the threat stimuli and situational context were standardized. Participants also completed a comprehensive assessment of multiple BRTT styles and the sequence of behaviors utilized.Results: Most participants endorsed likely using multiple BRTT styles during the hypothetical scenario. Participants with a history of sexual victimization were more likely to endorse diplomatic and immobile style behaviors and using immobile behaviors earlier in the sequence than participants without a victimization history.Conclusions: Prior research has typically assessed whether respondents are likely to engage in one type of BRTT. The present results indicate that women often anticipate using multiple BRTT strategies and that these strategies are likely situation-dependent. Further, women with a history of sexual victimization may utilize different BRTT styles likely as a result of their prior traumatization.

The Evaluation of a Sexual Assault Self-Defense and Risk-Reduction Program for College Women: A Prospective Study

2006 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A. Gidycz ◽  
Cindy L. Rich ◽  
Lindsay Orchowski ◽  
Carrie King ◽  
Audrey K. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
College Women ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
Reduction Program ◽  
A Prospective Study

If It Wasn’t Rape, Was It Sexual Assault? Comparing Rape and Sexual Assault Acknowledgment in College Women Who Have Experienced Rape

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (14) ◽  
pp. 1718-1738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sapana D. Donde ◽  
Sally K. A. Ragsdale ◽  
Mary P. Koss ◽  
Alyssa N. Zucker
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
College Women ◽  
Logistic Model ◽  
Emotional Impact ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Model ◽  
Rape Acknowledgment ◽  
University Settings

The present study investigated (a) comparisons in rates of rape and sexual assault acknowledgment and (b) a comprehensive multivariate multinomial logistic model predicting rape and sexual assault acknowledgment in a sample of 174 college women who had experienced rape. Significantly more women acknowledged having experienced sexual assault than rape. Greater perceived perpetrator force was associated with increased likelihood of rape and sexual assault acknowledgment. Increased age and greater perceived emotional impact were associated with increased odds of rape acknowledgment. Implications for policy, education, and practice within university settings are discussed.

Associations of Alcohol Consumption, Sexual Assault History, Severity, and Revictimization With College Women’s Bystander Behaviors in Alcohol-involved Settings

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052098351
Author(s):  
Tiffany L. Marcantonio ◽  
Malachi Willis ◽  
Eric D. Schisler
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
College Women ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Bystander Behavior ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Risk Recognition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Bystander Behaviors

Sexual assault victimization (SAV) histories may impede, increase, or have no effect on women’s risk recognition. Yet, even though risk recognition is a component of bystander intervention, the effect of SAV on bystander behaviors is understudied. For example, how different SAV histories, such as the severity of the assault and if women were revictimized since entering college, have not been examined with bystander behaviors; we intended to address this gap in the literature. Building on recent work, we also examined the potential interactive effects of alcohol consumption and SAV history in predicting bystander behaviors. College women ( n = 560) completed a web-based survey on alcohol consumption, SAV experiences since entering college, and bystander behaviors in alcohol-involved settings. We found that the effect of SAV history on bystander behavior varied based on alcohol consumption. As women’s alcohol consumption increased so did their self-reported engagement in bystander behaviors. For non-victims, increased alcohol consumption had a greater positive effect on their bystander behaviors than victims. However, after a certain quantity of alcohol was consumed, both victims and non-victims reported decreased bystander behavior. Finally, alcohol consumption did not interact with severity of SAV or revictimization status in predicting bystander behavior. Findings suggest alcohol consumption may be more influential on bystander behaviors for women with no history of SAV; however, consuming a greater quantity of alcohol is related to a decrease in bystander behavior—regardless of SAV history. Given these findings, more work is needed to explore when and how alcohol impedes, and potentially encourages, bystander behavior. How SAV histories relate to bystander behaviors also warrants further research.

scholarly journals Anderson, Brouwer, Wendorf & Cahill (2016) Women’s Behavioral Responses to the Threat of a Hypothetical Date Rape Stimulus: A Qualitative Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
RaeAnn Anderson ◽  
Amanda Brouwer ◽  
Angela R. Wendorf ◽  
Shawn P Cahill
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
College Women ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Date Rape ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Consensual Qualitative Research ◽  
Qualitative Research Methodology ◽  
Conditional Decision ◽  
Almost All

Objective: One in four college women experience sexual assault on campus. Campuses rarely provide the in depth self-defense programs needed to reduce sexual assault risk. Not much is known about the range of possible behaviors elicited by sexual assault threat stimuli besides assertion. To fill this gap, the aim of the current study was to explore qualitative themes in women’s intended behavioral responses to a hypothetical common sexual assault threat, date rape, by using a laboratory controlled threat. Methods: College women (N = 139) were randomly assigned to one of four different levels of sexual assault threat presented via an audio recorded vignette. Participants articulated how they would hypothetically respond to the experimentally assigned threat. Responses were blinded and analyzed using Consensual Qualitative Research methodology. Results: Six major themes emerged: assertion, compliance/acceptance, conditional decision-making, avoidance, expressions of discomfort, and allusion to future contact. Although almost all participants described assertion, a number of non-assertive responses were described that are not currently recognized in the literature. These non-assertive responses, including compliance/acceptance, conditional decision making, and avoidance may represent unique behavioral response styles and likely reflect the complex psychological process of behavioral response to threat. Discussion: The variety of themes found illustrates the great range of behavioral responses to threat. This broad range is not currently well represented or measured in the literature and better understanding of these responses can inform future interventions, advocacy efforts, and policies focused on sexual assault.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-DEFENSE IN RUSSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
M.O. Nagornaya ◽  
◽  
S.V. Nebratenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
History Of Development ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
History Of

Undergraduates’ Disclosures of Unwanted Sexual Experiences: Who, Why, and When?

2019 ◽  
pp. 107780121988518
Author(s):  
C. J. Eubanks Fleming ◽  
Emma C. Muscari
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Experiences ◽  
Unwanted Sexual Experiences ◽  
First Response ◽  
History Of ◽  
Assault Survivors

This study evaluated patterns of sexual assault disclosures as well as the response and impact of that response on assault survivors. The sample consisted of 217 undergraduates with a history of sexual assault (89.5% female, 76.5% Caucasian). Participants reported the order in which they disclosed and the nature and impact of the response they received. Results indicated that the majority of participants told close peers first and perceived the first response to be supportive. These findings are encouraging but also demonstrate the need for improving the response that an assault survivor receives.

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