Associations of Alcohol Consumption, Sexual Assault History, Severity, and Revictimization With College Women’s Bystander Behaviors in Alcohol-involved Settings

2020 ◽  
pp. 088626052098351
Author(s):  
Tiffany L. Marcantonio ◽  
Malachi Willis ◽  
Eric D. Schisler
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
College Women ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Bystander Behavior ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Risk Recognition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Bystander Behaviors

Sexual assault victimization (SAV) histories may impede, increase, or have no effect on women’s risk recognition. Yet, even though risk recognition is a component of bystander intervention, the effect of SAV on bystander behaviors is understudied. For example, how different SAV histories, such as the severity of the assault and if women were revictimized since entering college, have not been examined with bystander behaviors; we intended to address this gap in the literature. Building on recent work, we also examined the potential interactive effects of alcohol consumption and SAV history in predicting bystander behaviors. College women ( n = 560) completed a web-based survey on alcohol consumption, SAV experiences since entering college, and bystander behaviors in alcohol-involved settings. We found that the effect of SAV history on bystander behavior varied based on alcohol consumption. As women’s alcohol consumption increased so did their self-reported engagement in bystander behaviors. For non-victims, increased alcohol consumption had a greater positive effect on their bystander behaviors than victims. However, after a certain quantity of alcohol was consumed, both victims and non-victims reported decreased bystander behavior. Finally, alcohol consumption did not interact with severity of SAV or revictimization status in predicting bystander behavior. Findings suggest alcohol consumption may be more influential on bystander behaviors for women with no history of SAV; however, consuming a greater quantity of alcohol is related to a decrease in bystander behavior—regardless of SAV history. Given these findings, more work is needed to explore when and how alcohol impedes, and potentially encourages, bystander behavior. How SAV histories relate to bystander behaviors also warrants further research.

The Relationship Between Dating Violence and Bystander Behavior: An Initial Investigation

Partner Abuse ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Woods ◽  
Ryan C. Shorey ◽  
Catherine V. Strauss ◽  
Tara L. Cornelius ◽  
Theresa Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Dating Violence ◽  
Physical Violence ◽  
Preliminary Evidence ◽  
Psychological Aggression ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Bystander Behavior ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Bystander Behaviors

Preliminary research has demonstrated the utility of bystander interventions in reducing sexual assault (Coker et al., 2011; Moynihan & Banyard, 2008), and initial research has begun extending this type of intervention to dating violence broadly (i.e., physical and psychological aggression). However, there are many unexplored factors that may increase or decrease the likelihood that individuals will engage in bystander behavior. One such factor is previous experiences with dating violence and sexual assault. Thus, this study examined prior dating violence and sexual assault experiences and endorsement of bystander behaviors in a large sample of college students (N = 2,430). We hypothesized that individuals with a history of dating and sexual assault victimization would be more likely to report engaging in bystander behaviors relative to nonvictims. The relationship between prior dating violence perpetration on bystander behavior was also explored. Results demonstrated that individuals with physical and sexual, but not psychological, victimization histories reported more frequent bystander behavior. Furthermore, perpetrators of physical violence were more likely than nonperpetrators to report bystander behavior, particularly among females. Findings provide preliminary evidence that prior experiences with dating violence and sexual assault may impact bystander behavior. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Initial efficacy of a web-based alcohol and emotion regulation intervention for college women with sexual assault histories.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia A. Stappenbeck ◽  
Natasha K. Gulati ◽  
Anna E. Jaffe ◽  
Jessica A. Blayney ◽  
Debra Kaysen
Keyword(s):  
Emotion Regulation ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
College Women ◽  
Web Based

An Experimental Investigation of the Perceived Credibility of Complainants of Sexual Revictimization: Disbelief and Victim-Blame

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 992-1010
Author(s):  
Nadia M. Wager
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Victim Blame ◽  
Mental Health Issue ◽  
Sexual Revictimization ◽  
History Of Childhood ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adult Sexual Assault

This study investigated whether attitudes toward a complainant of sexual assault are affected by the knowledge that the complainant had previously made a similar allegation. This was a 3 (previous allegation; none, child sexual assault or adult sexual assault) × 2 (whether the previous allegation was substantiated) × 2 (the implied mental health status of the complainant; mental health issue vs. none) multifactorial, experimental study, employing independent-measures and hypothetical vignettes depicting stranger rape scenarios. The dependent variables were victim-blame and believability. The participants were 243 female undergraduate students. A multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVA) revealed several main and interactive effects. Allegations of sexual revictimization were associated with different levels of victim-blame and believability depending on when the previous assault occurred. A history of childhood sexual assault reduced the believability of the complainant and when combined with other factors increased the tendency to attribute victim-blame.

Factors Associated With Types of Sexual Assault Victimization and Bystander Behavior Among South Korean University Students

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 952-971
Author(s):  
Dong Ha Kim ◽  
Myung-Yong Um ◽  
Hyunkag Cho ◽  
Eui Bhin Lee ◽  
Jong Serl Chun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Sexual Harassment ◽  
Sexual Misconduct ◽  
Bystander Behavior ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Bystander Behaviors ◽  
Korean Universities

The aim of the current study was to gain understanding about incidences of sexual misconduct and bystander behaviors in South Korean universities. Specifically, risk factors were examined associated with three different types of sexual assault victimization (verbal or visual sexual harassment, physically forced sexual assault, and incapacitated sexual assault) and investigated the factors related to bystander behaviors. Data were collected via an online survey tool called SurveyMonkey in 2016. The total sample of participants comprised 1,944 enrolled undergraduate and graduate students from six universities in Seoul, South Korea. One logistic regression was conducted with a sample who reported sexual assault victimization (n = 1,079) to examine the risk factors associated with the three types of sexual misconduct. The other logistic regression was conducted with the subsample of bystanders (n = 540) to examine the relationships between bystander behavior and risk factors. In the main results, each type of sexual misconduct was associated differentially with age, alcohol blackouts, depression, child abuse and neglect, being an international student, and childhood sexual victimization. Also, persons who were older, self-identified LGBT, and victimized by verbal or visual sexual harassment at university were more likely to intervene when sexual misconduct occurred. These findings have implications for policies and interventions to reduce and prevent sexual misconduct in Korean universities.

scholarly journals Predictors of Assertive and Non-Assertive Styles of Self-Defense Behavior During a Lab-based Sexual Assault Scenario

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
RaeAnn Anderson ◽  
Shawn P Cahill ◽  
Kristin E. Silver ◽  
Douglas L. Delahanty
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
College Women ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Interpersonal Skills ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Defense Behavior ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rape Acknowledgment

The current study examined how psychological factors influence hypothetical behavioral responses to threat (BRTT). College women (n = 113) with a history of sexual victimization completed a standardized lab-based self-defense scenario. Interpersonal skills, coping style, and assertive and non-assertive BRTT during a prior assault predicted assertive BRTT during the task. The use of non-assertive BRTT during past assaults no longer predicted assertive BRTT during the task when accounting for rape acknowledgment. Findings regarding rape acknowledgment demonstrate the complexity of recovery from sexual assault. Our results highlight interpersonal skills as an intervention target for innovative sexual assault risk reduction interventions.

scholarly journals Predictors of Assertive and Nonassertive Styles of Self-Defense Behavior During a Lab-Based Sexual Assault Scenario

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-65
Author(s):  
RaeAnn E. Anderson ◽  
Shawn P. Cahill ◽  
Kristin E. Silver ◽  
Douglas L. Delahanty
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
College Women ◽  
Psychological Factors ◽  
Coping Style ◽  
Interpersonal Skills ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
Defense Behavior ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
History Of ◽  
Rape Acknowledgment

The current study examined how psychological factors influence hypothetical behavioral responses to threat (BRTT). College women ( n = 113) with a history of sexual victimization completed a standardized lab-based self-defense scenario. Interpersonal skills, coping style, and assertive and nonassertive BRTT during a prior assault predicted assertive BRTT during the task. The use of nonassertive BRTT during past assaults no longer predicted assertive BRTT during the task when accounting for rape acknowledgment. Findings regarding rape acknowledgment demonstrate the complexity of recovery from sexual assault. Our results highlight interpersonal skills as an intervention target for innovative sexual assault risk reduction interventions.

Sexual Re-Assault among College Women Differs Based on Sexual Refusal Assertiveness and Assertive Resistance Strategy Intentions

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110286
Author(s):  
Daniel W. Oesterle ◽  
Amber M. Jarnecke ◽  
Amanda K. Gilmore
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
College Women ◽  
The United States ◽  
College Campuses ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Northwestern Region ◽  
Survey Results ◽  
Common Problems ◽  
Sexual Refusal ◽  
Insight Into

Sexual assault and sexual re-assault are common problems on college campuses for women, and experiencing an initial assault dramatically increases risk for experiencing sexual re-assault. Low use of sexual refusal assertiveness and assertive resistance strategy intentions has been found to predict initial victimization, yet few studies to date look collectively at the associations of sexual refusal assertiveness and assertive resistance strategy intentions to sexual re-assault. The current study examined both sexual refusal assertiveness and assertive resistance strategy intentions as potential moderators of sexual re-assault among college women. It was hypothesized that the association between sexual assault severity before college and sexual assault severity since college would be stronger among those with low sexual refusal assertiveness compared to those with high sexual refusal assertiveness (Hypothesis 1). it was also hypothesized that the association between sexual assault severity before college and sexual assault severity since college would be stronger among those who endorsed assertive resistance strategy intentions (Hypothesis 2). Participants (N = 623) included college women at a large, public university within the northwestern region of the United States, who completed a web-based survey. Results revealed that the association between sexual assault severity before college and sexual assault severity since college was significant among those with lower levels of sexual refusal assertiveness (t = 91.42, p < 0 .001). Results also revealed that the association between sexual assault severity before college and sexual assault severity since college was stronger among those who endorsed non-assertive resistance strategy intentions to a potential sexual assault scenario (t = 25.09, p < 0.001). These findings provide insight into risk for sexual re-assault, wherein risk reduction programmatic efforts may be targeted towards women entering college with a sexual assault history to increase their use of sexual refusal assertiveness and assertive resistance strategy intentions.

A-5 Examining the Interactive Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury and Apolipoprotein E on Cognitive Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1044-1044
Author(s):  
Claire Alexander ◽  
Julie Suhr
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Decline ◽  
Apolipoprotein E ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Decline Rate ◽  
History Of ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Objective Little research has focused on possible effects of TBI on cognitive decline rate after Alzheimer’s disease (ad) diagnosis. We examined whether Apolipoprotein E (APOE) status and TBI history interact to predict cognitive decline. Method We used data from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Centers (N = 463; 42.3% APOE e4 carriers, 7.8% with TBI history, mean baseline age 79.3). Inclusion criteria included normal cognition at baseline with diagnosis of ad at a follow-up visit; baseline age 50 or older; and at least 3 years of follow-up data. Mixed models (random intercept, random slope) were used, with TBI history, APOE status, and their interaction as predictors of interest. Education, race, and history of TIA, stroke, or hypertension were included as covariates. Cognitive measures included mental status exam scores and immediate/delayed story memory. Results After accounting for covariates, TBI history had a positive effect on cognitive decline rate on the screener and immediate memory measures. APOE status did not affect rate of cognitive decline on the screener, but presence of e4 predicted faster decline on immediate and delayed memory. TBI history and APOE status interacted to predict delayed memory decline, such that history of TBI was associated with a reduced rate of decline for e4 non-carriers but there was no effect of TBI for e4 carriers. Conclusion When examining cognitive decline trajectory, TBI history predicted slower decline (a positive effect) while APOE had either a negative impact or no effect, depending on the measure. Future study should examine cognitive decline in the context of demographic and genetic factors.

scholarly journals Reducing Heavy Episodic Drinking, Incapacitation, and Alcohol-Induced Blackouts: Secondary Outcomes of a Web-Based Combined Alcohol Use and Sexual Assault Risk Reduction Intervention

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1299-1313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda K. Gilmore ◽  
Kaitlin E. Bountress ◽  
Mollie Selmanoff ◽  
William H. George
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
College Women ◽  
Risk Reduction ◽  
Heavy Episodic Drinking ◽  
Sexual Assault Prevention ◽  
Drinking Alcohol ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Reduction Program ◽  
Risk Reduction Intervention

Heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-induced blackouts, and incapacitation are associated with sexual assault among college women. Therefore, reducing heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-induced blackouts, and incapacitation among college women may reduce sexual assault victimization risk. The current study examined the indirect effect of a combined alcohol use and sexual assault risk reduction program on sexual assault severity through heavy episodic drinking, alcohol-induced blackouts, and incapacitation ( n = 264). An alcohol use reduction program, sexual assault risk reduction program, and combined alcohol use and sexual assault risk reduction program were compared with a control condition. The sexual assault risk reduction content reduced alcohol-induced blackouts and incapacitation, and the combined alcohol use and sexual assault risk reduction program reduced alcohol-induced blackouts. Only incapacitation was associated with reduced sexual assault severity at follow-up. Reducing incapacitation and alcohol-induced blackouts is possible with a brief, web-based intervention, and reducing incapacitation may be one viable strategy within larger sexual assault prevention programming efforts.

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