scholarly journals Parsing-error-Hindi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samar Husain
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
The Face ◽  
Case Markers ◽  
Effective Use ◽  
Verbal Relations ◽  
Memory Constraints

The role of prediction during sentence comprehension is widely acknowledged to be very critical in SOV languages. Robust clause-fi?nal verbal prediction and its maintenance have been invoked to explain eff?ects such as anti-locality and lack of structural forgetting. At the same time, there is evidence that these languages avoid increased preverbal phrase complexity due to working-memory constraints. Given the critical role of prediction in processing of SOV languages, in this work, we study verbal predictions in Hindi (an SOV language) to investigate its robustness and fallibility using a series of completion studies. Analyses of verbal completions based on grammaticality (grammatical vs ungrammatical) as well as their syntactic property (in terms of verb class) show, as expected, frequent grammatical completions based on effective use of preverbal nouns and case-markers. However, there were also high instances of ungrammatical completions. In particular, consistent errors were made in conditions with 3 animate nouns with unique/similar case-markers. These errors increased in the face of adjuncts of di?ffering complexity following the preverbal nouns. The grammatical and ungrammatical completions show that native speakers of Hindi posit structures with at most 2 verbal heads and 5 core verbal relations, thus highlighting an upper bound to verbal prediction and its maintenance in such con?figurations. A rating study con?firmed that certain errors found in completion tasks can lead to grammatical illusions. Further, a detailed analysis of the completion errors in such cases revealed that the parser ignores the complete preverbal nominal features of the input and instead selectively reconstructs the input based on their frequency in the language to form illicit parses at the expense of globally consistent parses. Together, the results show that while preverbal cues are eff?ectively employed by the parser to make clause ?final structural predictions, the parsing system breaks down when the number of predicted verbs/relations exceeds beyond a certain threshold. In effect, the results suggests that processing in SOV languages is susceptible to center-embeddings similar to that in SVO languages. This highlights the over-arching influence of working-memory constraints during sentence comprehension and thereby on the parser to posit less complex structures.

scholarly journals The Critical Role of Semantic Working Memory in Language Comprehension and Production

2021 ◽  
pp. 096372142199517
Author(s):  
Randi C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Semantic Information ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Word Meanings ◽  
Activated State ◽  
Limited Scope

Although research on the role of verbal working memory (WM) in language processing has focused on phonological maintenance, considerable evidence indicates that the maintenance of semantic information plays a more critical role. This article reviews studies of brain-damaged and healthy individuals demonstrating the contribution of semantic WM to language processing. On the sentence-comprehension side, semantic WM supports the retention of individual word meanings prior to their integration. It also serves to maintain semantic information in an activated state such that semantic interference between sentence constituents can be resolved. Phonological WM does not appear to support either of these functions, though it contributes to verbatim sentence recall. On the production side, evidence points to the phrase as the minimal scope of advance planning in sentence formulation, and to semantic WM as supporting the representation of the meanings of the content words within a phrase. Planning at the phonological level appears to have a very limited scope, making few demands on phonological WM. These findings imply that treatment of semantic but not phonological WM deficits should lead to improved sentence comprehension and production, and preliminary findings support that view.

The role of verbal working memory in L2 sentence comprehension

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Elma Kerz ◽  
Daniel Wiechmann
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Sentence Type ◽  
Verbal Working Memory ◽  
Language Experience ◽  
Advanced Learners ◽  
Mixed Effects Modeling ◽  
Positive Correlations

Abstract Considerable variability has been observed in sentence comprehension abilities in both native speakers and second language (L2) learner populations. While it has long been established that, in native speakers, this variability is closely linked to individual differences (IDs) in verbal working memory (vWM), previous research on the role of vWM in L2 sentence comprehension has produced mixed results. Moreover, there is an accumulating body of evidence demonstrating that the relationship between vWM and native language comprehension abilities is mediated by language experience. However, to our knowledge, until now, no attempt has been made to integrate language experience measures into the vWM-L2 sentence comprehension relationship. The goal of the present study is twofold: (1) to determine whether and to what extent vWM – as gauged by a reading span (RSPAN) task – correlates with IDs in two proxy estimates of L2 experience and (2) to investigate the effects of vWM on L2 comprehension of three different types of complex sentences. Thirty-four German advanced learners of English participated in this study. Significant positive correlations were found between the RSPAN scores and both proxy estimates of L2 experience. Mixed-effects modeling revealed that vWM exerted a significant effect on L2 sentence comprehension that was not modulated by sentence type. Taken together, these results provide additional evidence in support of the involvement of vWM in L2 sentence comprehension and, to our knowledge, first evidence for the contribution of L2 experience to RSPAN task performance.

The processing of case in near-native Spanish

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jill Jegerski
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
First Language ◽  
Differential Object Marking ◽  
L2 Processing ◽  
Case Marker ◽  
Object Marking ◽  
Case Markers ◽  
Ditransitive Constructions

This article reports a study that sought to determine whether non-native sentence comprehension can show sensitivity to two different types of Spanish case marking. Sensitivity to case violations was generally more robust with indirect objects in ditransitive constructions than with differential object marking of animate direct objects, even among native speakers of Spanish, which probably reflects linguistic differences in the two types of case. In addition, the overall outcome of two experiments shows that second language (L2) processing can integrate case information, but that, unlike with native processing, attention to a case marker may depend on the presence of a preverbal clitic as an additional cue to the types of postverbal arguments that might occur in a stimulus. Specifically, L2 readers showed no sensitivity to differential object marking with a in the absence of clitics in the first experiment, with stimuli such as Verónica visita al/el presidente todos los meses ‘Veronica visits the[ACC/NOM]president every month’, but the L2 readers in the second experiment showed native-like sensitivity to the same marker when the object it marked was doubled by the clitic lo, as in Verónica lo visita al/el presidente todos los meses. With indirect objects, on the other hand, sensitivity to case markers was native-like in both experiments, although indirect objects were also always doubled by the preverbal clitic le. The apparent first language / second language contrast suggests differences in processing strategy, whereby non-native processing of morphosyntax may rely more on the predictability of forms than does native processing.

scholarly journals The Neural Basis of Reversible Sentence Comprehension: Evidence from Voxel-based Lesion Symptom Mapping in Aphasia

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 212-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malathi Thothathiri ◽  
Daniel Y. Kimberg ◽  
Myrna F. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Parietal Cortex ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Phonological Working Memory ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Lesion Symptom Mapping

We explored the neural basis of reversible sentence comprehension in a large group of aphasic patients (n = 79). Voxel-based lesion symptom mapping revealed a significant association between damage in temporo-parietal cortex and impaired sentence comprehension. This association remained after we controlled for phonological working memory. We hypothesize that this region plays an important role in the thematic or what–where processing of sentences. In contrast, we detected weak or no association between reversible sentence comprehension and the ventrolateral pFC, which includes Broca's area, even for syntactically complex sentences. This casts doubt on theories that presuppose a critical role for this region in syntactic computations.

Business case effectiveness: the critical role of the organization

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1051-1075
Author(s):  
Frank Einhorn ◽  
Jack Meredith ◽  
Carl Marnewick
Keyword(s):  
Critical Role ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Business Case ◽  
It Projects ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Cases ◽  
Effective Use

PurposeLiterature indicates that the business case for projects is difficult to use and suggests that there are organizational factors that can facilitate effective use of the business case. This paper aims to identify such facilitators, measure their presence and importance, and relate them to the actual practice of business case processes.Design/methodology/approachA cross sectional quantitative method was used, with data on facilitators and business case process usage gathered through an online questionnaire.FindingsThe findings for the 43 organizational facilitators are that each one is considered more important than its presence in the respondents' organizations. High correlations emerge between the presence of the facilitators and the use of business case processes, indicating the pivotal role of the facilitators.Research limitations/implicationsThe research was conducted for business IT projects implemented by organizations based in South Africa. It furthers our understanding of project business cases and suggests additional research avenues in this area.Practical implicationsThe findings indicate that organizations could improve key facilitators at an affordable cost. Such improvement would enable more effective use of the business case throughout the project's lifetime – from initial concept until planned benefits have been substantially realized. Better use of the business case would also support governance and increase the success rate of business IT projects.Originality/valueOrganizational facilitators of business case processes are identified and categorized for the first time, leading to measurements of their perceived importance and presence in organizations. Hence, the relationship between these facilitators and actual business case usage is determined, suggesting areas of optimum impact.

scholarly journals The Role of Leadership Style in Fostering Creativity in the Workplace

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 447
Author(s):  
Hardiani, Muhammad Tafsir
Keyword(s):  
Transformational Leadership ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Transformational Leaders ◽  
Transformational Leader ◽  
Fostering Creativity ◽  
The Face ◽  
Analyze Data

The success of a business in the face of competition is inextricably linked to the ability of a transformational leader to foster a climate of creativity in the workplace. This study presents the findings of an analysis of the role of transformational leaders in fostering a climate of creativity in organizations. Multiple regression analysis is used to analyze data collected from respondents who are randomly selected from employees at several companies and then processed using the SmartPLS application. The researcher developed an instrument for the variables transformational leadership and climate of creativity based on several instruments used in previous research. The findings indicate that there is a strong correlation between transformational leadership and a climate of creativity, implying that transformational leadership plays a critical role in fostering creativity in the workplace.

The influence of contextual faces on bilingual language control

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (9) ◽  
pp. 2313-2327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Liu ◽  
Kalinka Timmer ◽  
Lu Jiao ◽  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Ruiming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Switch Cost ◽  
Dominance Effect ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Language Dominance ◽  
The Face ◽  
Language Control ◽  
Global Language

How do faces with social-cultural identity affect bilingual language control? We approach this question by looking at the switch cost patterns and reversed language dominance effect, which are suggested to reflect bilingual language control mechanisms, in the absence (i.e., baseline context) or presence of faces with socio-cultural identity (Asian or Caucasian). In separate blocks, the face matched (i.e., congruent context) or mismatched (i.e., incongruent context) the language to be spoken. In addition, cue preparation time was manipulated to be long (Experiment 1) or short (Experiment 2). In both experiments, a unique asymmetric switch cost with larger costs for L2 was observed in the congruent context as compared with the baseline and incongruent contexts. Furthermore, the reversed language dominance effect was not modulated across contexts. These results suggest a critical role of contextual faces in modulating local but not global language control. Thus, bilingual language control changes flexibly within an environment that includes faces with socio-cultural identity.

scholarly journals Effect of focus on verbal working memory: Critical role of the focus word in reading

2002 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 562-571 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko Osaka ◽  
Yukiko Nishizaki ◽  
Mie Komori ◽  
Naoyuki Osaka
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Verbal Working Memory
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