scholarly journals Food and water deprivation modulating function on activation and direction of behavior in Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Varsovia Hernandez ◽  
Alejandro Leon ◽  
Victor Quintero
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Food Pellet ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
Behavior Dynamics ◽  
Behavioral Dynamics ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The effects of food or water deprivation on the consumption of those commodities has been extensively reported in the literature. The effect of the interaction of those deprivation conditions on food and water consumption and on the temporal organization and dynamics of behavior is less known. In this study, we evaluated the effects of different conditions of food and water deprivation on the spatio-temporal dynamics of behavior when food and water are concurrently available. Six rats were exposed to four different conditions: a) food deprivation, b) water deprivation, c) food and water deprivation and d) no deprivation. Experimental sessions consisted of simultaneously presenting a food pellet and a drop of water using a Concurrent Fixed Time 30 s schedule on two dispensers located on opposite walls of an extended experimental chamber. Local (number of drops of water and pellets consumed, head entries to dispensers) and translational (location, displacement routes) patterns were recorded. We found differential effects of the deprivation conditions on the aforementioned measures with no equivalent behavioral dynamics under food and water deprivation. The results are discussed in terms of the modulating function of deprivation conditions on measures of vigor and direction of behavior.activation; behavior dynamics; directionality, food deprivation; motivation; water deprivation.

scholarly journals Ecological Location of a Water Source and Spatial Dynamics of Behavior Under Temporally Scheduled Water Deliveries in a Modified Open-Field System: An Integrative Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alejandro León ◽  
Varsovia Hernández ◽  
Ursula Huerta ◽  
Carlos Alberto Hernández-Linares ◽  
Porfirio Toledo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
Variable Time ◽  
Field System ◽  
Behavioral Dynamics

It has been reported in non-contingent schedules that the variety of patterns of behavior is affected by the temporal variation of water deliveries. While temporal variation is accomplished by delivering water at fixed or variable times, spatial variation is usually accomplished by varying the number of dispensers and distance among them. Such criteria do not consider the possible ecological relevance of the location of water dispensers. Nevertheless, it is plausible to suppose that the intersection of the programed contingencies (e.g., time-based schedules), the ecological differentiated space (e.g., open vs. closed zones), and the relative location of relevant objects and events (e.g., location of the water source—peripherical vs. center zone) could set up an integrated system with the behavioral patterns of the organism. In the present study, we evaluated the eco-functional relevance of two locations of the dispensers upon behavioral dynamics in Wistar rats using fixed and variable time schedules in a modified open-field system. In Experiment 1, three subjects were exposed to a fixed time 30-s water delivery schedule. In the first condition, the water dispenser was located at the center of the experimental chamber. In the second condition, the water dispenser was located at the center of a wall of the experimental chamber. Each location was present for 20 sessions. In Experiment 2, conditions were the same, but a variable time schedule was used. Routes, distance to the dispenser, recurrence patterns, time spent in zones, entropy, and divergence were analyzed. Our findings suggest a robust differential relevance of the location of the dispensers that should be considered in studies evaluating behavioral dynamics. Results are discussed from an integrative, ecological-parametric framework.

Concurrent Food- and Water-Reinforced Responding under Food, Water, and Food-Plus-Water Deprivation

1965 ◽  
Vol 16 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1305-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fallon ◽  
Donald M. Thompson ◽  
Mary E. Schild
Keyword(s):  
Food Deprivation ◽  
Water Deprivation ◽  
Food Reinforcement ◽  
Variable Interval ◽  
Variable Interval Schedule ◽  
Deprivation Condition ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
Water Reinforcement ◽  
Interval Schedule

The effect of 22-hr. food, water, and food-plus-water deprivation cycles upon the bar-pressing performance of rats was assessed. In a two-bar experimental chamber, one bar produced intermittent food and another intermittent water reinforcement. Each food reinforcement was approximately equivalent by weight to each water reinforcement, and both bars were concurrently operative on a variable-interval schedule. During the first and last 6 of 18 successive 2-hr. sessions under each deprivation condition, most responses were emitted under food deprivation, next most under food-plus-water deprivation, and least under water deprivation. Rate of responding for food was consistently higher than for water.

EDITORIAL

2003 ◽  
Vol 17 (02) ◽  
pp. 163-165
Author(s):  
B. S. DAYA SAGAR ◽  
C. BABU RAO
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Temporal Organization ◽  
Unique Type ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Dynamical Behaviors ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Specific Error ◽  
Essential Prerequisite ◽  
Robust Procedures

Natural systems undergo several morphological changes with time. To study spatio-temporal dynamics of such natural systems, and to further understand the morphological dynamical behaviors, various images that show several macro- and micro-level phenomena, acquired by various types of sensors need to be analyzed in spatio-temporal scales. Such analyses, to facilitate the researcher to model the spatio-temporal organization of a desired phenomenon, evidently require the robust procedures to extract specific error-free features from multiscale-temporal images represented in discrete space. Geometry and topology based features, such as edges of unique type and general type, are the indicators to record the changes that occur temporally. Extraction of such information is essential prerequisite to develop cogent models to understand the spatio-temporal organization.

scholarly journals Using laser remote heating to simulate extreme thermal heat loads on nuclear fuels

2020 ◽  
Vol 225 ◽  
pp. 08002
Author(s):  
T. Vidal ◽  
L. Gallais ◽  
J. Faucheux ◽  
H. Capdevila ◽  
Y. Pontillon
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Experimental Chamber ◽  
Materials Testing ◽  
Gas Release ◽  
Absolute Level ◽  
Loss Of Coolant Accident ◽  
Fission Gas ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Fission Gas Release

Up to now, predicting accurately the Fission Gas Release (FGR) from high burn up UO2 and/or MOX (Mixed Oxide) fuels at off-normal conditions, such as power transient, reactivity-initiated accident (RIA) and loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA), is still a significant and very challenging task. For this purpose, different R&D programs have been carried out in France, as well as in other countries. This has been done with a specific emphasis on mechanisms which promote the FGR under accidental conditions. These studies can be performed thanks to dedicated integral experiments conducted in-pile (i.e. in Materials Testing Reactor) with the corresponding cost and constraints, or at the laboratory scale with annealing tests which allow to be representative of specific parameters (thermal history for instance). During these annealing tests under well-known conditions (temperature, atmosphere), both the absolute level and the time dependence of the released gases should be monitored, together with the corresponding fuel micro-structural changes, since experimental knowledge of fission gas release alone is not efficient enough. This approach requires more and more accurate on-line measurements. This corresponds to the driving force of the present work. In this contribution, we will present our progress in developing an experimental platform that can submit nuclear fuel and cladding samples to annealing tests involving very high temperatures (up to 2500°C) and very fast temperature ramp (up to thousands of °C/s) with controlled thermal gradients and temporal dynamics. This new platform implements innovative instrumentation, such as optical diagnostics to measure fuel fragmentation kinetics and infrared pyrometry for temperature monitoring. This experiment is based on a high-power laser (1.5kW) coupled to an experimental chamber with controlled atmosphere (Ar, N2, or vacuum) and specific optical components. Based on the spatial beam profile and temporal power function of the laser, it is possible which such a system to produce complex spatio-temporal temperature gradients, relevant for addressing different research needs. It provides access to extreme conditions that are very difficult to reach with other means. Particularly, one of main objectives of this work is to investigate conditions of Reactivity Initiated Accident (RIA). The first experiments performed on inactive materials, non-irradiated uranium dioxide, is presented in order to highlight the capabilities of this technique.

scholarly journals Alternative learning strategies for spatio-temporal processes of complex animal behavior

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Toryn L. J. Schafer
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Animal Behavior ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Ecological Inference ◽  
Alternative Learning ◽  
Hierarchical Generalized Linear Model ◽  
Location Data ◽  
Behavior Dynamics ◽  
Spatio Temporal

The estimation of spatio-temporal dynamics of animal behavior processes is complicated by nonlinear interactions. Alternative learning methods such as machine learning, deep learning, and reinforcement learning have proven successful for approximating nonlinear system mechanisms for prediction and classification. These alternative learning frameworks can be linked to statistical models in a hierarchical framework to improve ecological inference and prediction in the presence of uncertainty. This dissertation provides three methodological extensions of alternative learning with statistical uncertainty quantification for modeling animal behavior dynamics at different scales. First, an efficient Bayesian Markov model is developed to provide inference on white-fronted geese behavior from individual accelerometer and location data while accounting for classification uncertainty. Second, nonlinear basis function expansions produced by a spatio-temporal echo state network are used as features in a hierarchical generalized linear model for predicting spatial patterns of mallard duck settling pattern counts. Lastly, Bayesian inverse reinforcement learning is developed to estimate the behavioral state costs for collective animal groups.

Spatial and temporal dynamics of Pacific capelin Mallotus catervarius in the Gulf of Alaska: implications for ecosystem-based fisheries management

2020 ◽  
Vol 637 ◽  
pp. 117-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
DW McGowan ◽  
ED Goldstein ◽  
ML Arimitsu ◽  
AL Deary ◽  
O Ormseth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Gulf Of Alaska ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Spawning Areas ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Pacific capelin Mallotus catervarius are planktivorous small pelagic fish that serve an intermediate trophic role in marine food webs. Due to the lack of a directed fishery or monitoring of capelin in the Northeast Pacific, limited information is available on their distribution and abundance, and how spatio-temporal fluctuations in capelin density affect their availability as prey. To provide information on life history, spatial patterns, and population dynamics of capelin in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA), we modeled distributions of spawning habitat and larval dispersal, and synthesized spatially indexed data from multiple independent sources from 1996 to 2016. Potential capelin spawning areas were broadly distributed across the GOA. Models of larval drift show the GOA’s advective circulation patterns disperse capelin larvae over the continental shelf and upper slope, indicating potential connections between spawning areas and observed offshore distributions that are influenced by the location and timing of spawning. Spatial overlap in composite distributions of larval and age-1+ fish was used to identify core areas where capelin consistently occur and concentrate. Capelin primarily occupy shelf waters near the Kodiak Archipelago, and are patchily distributed across the GOA shelf and inshore waters. Interannual variations in abundance along with spatio-temporal differences in density indicate that the availability of capelin to predators and monitoring surveys is highly variable in the GOA. We demonstrate that the limitations of individual data series can be compensated for by integrating multiple data sources to monitor fluctuations in distributions and abundance trends of an ecologically important species across a large marine ecosystem.

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