Inaccurate Stereotypes from Rational Exploration
Inaccurate stereotypes -- perceived differences among groups that do not actually differ -- are prevalent and consequential. Past research explains stereotypes as emerging from motivational biases, cognitive limitations, and information deficits. An alternative proposal focuses on exploration: An initial arbitrary interaction, if rewarding enough, may discourage investigating alternatives that would be equal or better. Historical accidents can snowball, through locally rational choices, into globally inaccurate generalizations. Thus, inaccurate stereotypes can emerge from otherwise rational exploration, even in the absence of real group differences. Ironically, the mere act of rationally choosing between groups with the goal of maximizing the long-term benefit of local interactions is enough to produce globally inaccurate stereotypes. Formally describing this problem using multi-armed bandits shows how an optimal solution with existing psychological support (Thompson sampling) produces inaccurate stereotypes. This result replicates in two large online experiments (N = 2404). This minimal-process paradigm thus suffices to produce bias.