scholarly journals No evidence for proactive suppression: Enhancement of explicitly cued distractor features

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas A Addleman ◽  
Viola S. Störmer
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Feature Representations ◽  
Color Cues ◽  
Advance Knowledge ◽  
Better Than

Visual search benefits from advance knowledge of non-target features. However, it is unknown whether these negatively cued features are suppressed in advance (proactively) or during search (reactively). To test this, we presented color cues varying from trial-to-trial that predicted target or non-target colors. Experiment 1 (N=96) showed that both target and nontarget cues speeded search. To test whether attention proactively modified cued feature representations, in Experiment 2 (N=200), we interleaved color probe trials with search and had participants detect the color of a briefly presented ring that could either match the cued color or not. Interestingly, people detected both positively and negatively cued colors better than other colors, indicating that to-be-attended and to-be-ignored features were both proactively enhanced. These results demonstrate that nontarget features are not suppressed proactively, and instead support reactive accounts in which anticipated nontarget features are ignored via strategic enhancement.

On Knowing Books by Their Colors

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 479-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M. Boynton ◽  
Stanley Dolensky
Keyword(s):  
Color Vision ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Color Blindness ◽  
Test Period ◽  
Normal Color Vision ◽  
Abstract Stimulus ◽  
Color Cues ◽  
Stimulus Materials ◽  
Search And Recognition ◽  
Better Than

In a search and recognition task utilizing real-world objects, the usefulness of color cues is observed to depend upon the availability of alphanumeric information. Following a 45-sec. inspection of a randomly selected collection of 17 books, spread on a table with their titles exposed, subjects were asked to identify as many of these as possible during a test period beginning 3 min. later in which 17 decoys were also present. Some subjects wore glasses with red filters during the test and inspection periods. The color blindness thereby introduced did not impair their performance in comparison with control subjects who were able to utilize normal color vision. Moreover, the introduction of color during the test period impaired the performance of subjects who had been deprived of color cues during inspection. It was concluded that subjects paid attention mostly to book titles and for that reason did not use other cues, including color, to much advantage. In a second experiment, where titles were obscured, subjects with normal color vision performed much better than those who were made color blind during the inspection or test periods. The results of both experiments are generally consistent with predictions based on experiments which have used abstract stimulus materials.

BRIDGING STRUCTURE AND FEATURE REPRESENTATIONS IN GRAPH MATCHING

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (05) ◽  
pp. 1260005 ◽  
Author(s):  
WAN-JUI LEE ◽  
VERONIKA CHEPLYGINA ◽  
DAVID M. J. TAX ◽  
MARCO LOOG ◽  
ROBERT P. W. DUIN
Keyword(s):  
Graph Matching ◽  
Structural Description ◽  
Dissimilarity Representation ◽  
Feature Representations ◽  
Bag Of Features ◽  
Attributed Graphs ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Essential Problem ◽  
Better Than

Structures and features are opposite approaches in building representations for object recognition. Bridging the two is an essential problem in pattern recognition as the two opposite types of information are fundamentally different. As dissimilarities can be computed for both the dissimilarity representation can be used to combine the two. Attributed graphs contain structural as well as feature-based information. Neglecting the attributes yields a pure structural description. Isolating the features and neglecting the structure represents objects by a bag of features. In this paper we will show that weighted combinations of dissimilarities may perform better than these two extremes, indicating that these two types of information are essentially different and strengthen each other. In addition we present two more advanced integrations than weighted combining and show that these may improve the classification performances even further.

scholarly journals The Case for Comparative Ethnography

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 341-359 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica S. Simmons ◽  
Nicholas Rush Smith
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Methods ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Ethnographic Research ◽  
Popular Method ◽  
Comparative Ethnography ◽  
Advance Knowledge ◽  
Better Than

To what extent can comparative methods and ethnographic inquiry combine to advance knowledge in political science? Ethnography is becoming an increasingly popular method within political science. Yet both proponents and detractors often see it as a technique best suited for producing in-depth knowledge about a particular case or for explicating the meaning of a particular political behavior. This article argues that comparative ethnography—ethnographic research that explicitly and intentionally builds an argument through the analysis of two or more cases—can be of particular value to political scientists, and to scholars of comparative politics in particular. The approach can hone our theoretical models, challenge existing conceptual categories, and help develop portable political insights. This article has two goals: (1) to show that comparative ethnographic research deserves a prominent place in the repertoire of qualitative methods and (2) to elaborate the logics of inquiry behind such comparisons so that scholars will be better equipped to use them more frequently. Two or more cases are not always better than one, but comparative ethnography can yield new and different insights with important implications for our understandings of politics.

An Analysis of the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale in a College Population: Does It Predict Symptoms of ADHD Better Than a Visual-Search Task?

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. 567-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Malik Dehili ◽  
Frances Prevatt ◽  
Theodora P. Coffman
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Executive Functioning ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Cognitive Tests ◽  
Adhd Symptoms ◽  
College Sample ◽  
College Population ◽  
Better Than

Objective: Executive functioning (EF) deficits have been associated with ADHD. However, disagreement exists concerning the extent to which cognitive tests of EF accurately reflect a diagnosis of ADHD. Barkley developed the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) by categorizing the meta-construct of EF into five subdomains. This study investigated the incremental validity of the BDEFS in predicting symptoms of ADHD compared with a visual-search task. We also investigated patterns among the five BDEFS domains. Method: One hundred and sixteen college students completed a visual-search task and the BDEFS and reported on their symptoms of ADHD. Results: (a) BDEFS total scores significantly predicted total ADHD symptoms, whereas the visual-search task failed to predict ADHD symptoms. (b) The BDEFS demonstrated significant correlations with symptoms of ADHD in expected patterns. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of validity for the BDEFS in a college sample.

scholarly journals The road to long-term memory: Top-down attention is more effective than bottom-up attention for forming long-term memories

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edyta Sasin ◽  
Daryl Fougnie
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Attentional Capture ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Bottom Up ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
The Road ◽  
Memory Traces ◽  
Better Than

AbstractDoes the strength of representations in long-term memory (LTM) depend on which type of attention is engaged? We tested participants’ memory for objects seen during visual search. We compared implicit memory for two types of objects—related-context nontargets that grabbed attention because they matched the target defining feature (i.e., color; top-down attention) and salient distractors that captured attention only because they were perceptually distracting (bottom-up attention). In Experiment 1, the salient distractor flickered, while in Experiment 2, the luminance of the salient distractor was alternated. Critically, salient and related-context nontargets produced equivalent attentional capture, yet related-context nontargets were remembered far better than salient distractors (and salient distractors were not remembered better than unrelated distractors). These results suggest that LTM depends not only on the amount of attention but also on the type of attention. Specifically, top-down attention is more effective in promoting the formation of memory traces than bottom-up attention.

scholarly journals An exact picture of your target guides visual search better than any other representation

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 230-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Kenner ◽  
J. M Wolfe
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Better Than

Survival Processing Enhances Visual Search Efficiency

2018 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 149-157
Author(s):  
Kit W. Cho
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Memory Systems ◽  
Survival Advantage ◽  
Search Efficiency ◽  
Survival Processing ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Visual Systems ◽  
Abstract Words ◽  
Better Than

Abstract. Words rated for their survival relevance are remembered better than when rated using other well-known memory mnemonics. This finding, which is known as the survival advantage effect and has been replicated in many studies, suggests that our memory systems are molded by natural selection pressures. In two experiments, the present study used a visual search task to examine whether there is likewise a survival advantage for our visual systems. Participants rated words for their survival relevance or for their pleasantness before locating that object’s picture in a search array with 8 or 16 objects. Although there was no difference in search times among the two rating scenarios when set size was 8, survival processing reduced visual search times when set size was 16. These findings reflect a search efficiency effect and suggest that similar to our memory systems, our visual systems are also tuned toward self-preservation.

scholarly journals Virtual-Audio Aided Visual Search on a Desktop Display

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clayton Rothwell ◽  
Griffin Romigh ◽  
Brian Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Visual Cues ◽  
Visual Display ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Frontal Region ◽  
Auditory Cues ◽  
Set Size ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Virtual Audio

As visual display complexity grows, visual cues and alerts may become less salient and therefore less effective. Although the auditory system’s resolution is rather coarse relative to the visual system, there is some evidence for virtual spatialized audio to benefit visual search on a small frontal region, such as a desktop monitor. Two experiments examined if search times could be reduced compared to visual-only search through spatial auditory cues rendered using one of two methods: individualized or generic head-related transferfunctions. Results showed the cue type interacted with display complexity, with larger reductions compared to visual-only search as set size increased. For larger set sizes, individualized cues were significantly better than generic cues overall. Across all set sizes, individualized cues were better than generic cues for cueing eccentric elevations (>±8°). Where performance must be maximized, designers should use individualized virtual audio if at all possible, even in small frontal region within the field of view.

Contribution of Color to Face Recognition

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3376 ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 31 (8) ◽  
pp. 995-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew W Yip ◽  
Pawan Sinha
Keyword(s):  
Image Analysis ◽  
Face Recognition ◽  
Recognition Performance ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Color Images ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Facial Attributes ◽  
Color Cues ◽  
Better Than

One of the key challenges in face perception lies in determining how different facial attributes contribute to judgments of identity. In this study, we focus on the role of color cues. Although color appears to be a salient attribute of faces, past research has suggested that it confers little recognition advantage for identifying people. Here we report experimental results suggesting that color cues do play a role in face recognition and their contribution becomes evident when shape cues are degraded. Under such conditions, recognition performance with color images is significantly better than that with gray-scale images. Our experimental results also indicate that the contribution of color may lie not so much in providing diagnostic cues to identity as in aiding low-level image-analysis processes such as segmentation.

Time and Latitude in South Africa

1972 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
J. Hers
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Cape Town ◽  
Astronomical Observations ◽  
Royal Observatory ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Astronomical Determination ◽  
Limited Accuracy ◽  
Better Than

In South Africa the modern outlook towards time may be said to have started in 1948. Both the two major observatories, The Royal Observatory in Cape Town and the Union Observatory (now known as the Republic Observatory) in Johannesburg had, of course, been involved in the astronomical determination of time almost from their inception, and the Johannesburg Observatory has been responsible for the official time of South Africa since 1908. However the pendulum clocks then in use could not be relied on to provide an accuracy better than about 1/10 second, which was of the same order as that of the astronomical observations. It is doubtful if much use was made of even this limited accuracy outside the two observatories, and although there may – occasionally have been a demand for more accurate time, it was certainly not voiced.

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