scholarly journals Dynamic features of affect and interpersonal behavior in relation to general and specific personality pathology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney R. Ringwald ◽  
Christopher James Hopwood ◽  
Paul A. Pilkonis ◽  
Aidan G.C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Features ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Characteristic Style

A model of personality pathology including both general and specific components distinguishes severity of personality dysfunction from the characteristic style of its expression. Whether and how general and specific features of personality pathology relate to momentary dynamics of affect and interpersonal behavior remain open questions. We explored these questions in a student sample (N=294) and pre-registered replication in a community sample (N=311). Ecological momentary assessment was used to measure affect, dominance, and warmth of self and other during interpersonal interactions. We examined one’s average affect and behavior and of one’s perception of the other’s behavior, and variability in these constructs. Associations between interpersonal patterns and personality pathology were estimated using multilevel structural equation modeling in each sample separately and in the pooled dataset. Results support the potential clinical impact of empirical models by demonstrating the structural independence of general and specific features, along with relationships to theoretically meaningful interpersonal behavior.

scholarly journals Dynamic features of affect and interpersonal behavior in relation to general and specific personality pathology

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney R. Ringwald ◽  
Christopher James Hopwood ◽  
Paul A. Pilkonis ◽  
Aidan G.C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Dynamic Features ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
Characteristic Style

A model of personality pathology including both general and specific components distinguishes severity of personality dysfunction from the characteristic style of its expression. Whether and how general and specific features of personality pathology relate to momentary dynamics of affect and interpersonal behavior remain open questions. We explored these questions in a student sample (N=294) and pre-registered replication in a community sample (N=311). Ecological momentary assessment was used to measure affect, dominance, and warmth of self and other during interpersonal interactions. We examined one’s average affect and behavior and of one’s perception of the other’s behavior, and variability in these constructs. Associations between interpersonal patterns and personality pathology were estimated using multilevel structural equation modeling in each sample separately and in the pooled dataset. Results support the potential clinical impact of empirical models by demonstrating the structural independence of general and specific features, along with relationships to theoretically meaningful interpersonal behavior.

The Affiliative Role of Empathy in Everyday Interpersonal Interactions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney R. Ringwald ◽  
Aidan G.C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Ecological Momentary

Empathy theoretically serves an affiliative interpersonal function by satisfying motives for intimacy and union with others. Accordingly, empathy is expected to vary depending on the situation. Inconsistent empirical support for empathy’s affiliative role may be due to methodology focused on individual differences in empathy or differences between controlled experimental conditions, which fail to capture its dynamic and interpersonal nature. To address these shortcomings, we used ecological momentary assessment to establish typical patterns of empathy across everyday interactions. Associations among empathy, affect, and interpersonal behavior of self and interaction partner were examined in a student sample (N=330), then replicated in a pre-registered community sample (N=279). Multi-level structural equation modeling was used to distinguish individual differences in empathy from interaction-level effects. Results show people are more empathetic during positively-valanced interactions with others perceived as warm and when expressing warmth. By confirming the typically affiliative role of empathy, existing research to the contrary can be best understood as exceptions to the norm.

Transdiagnostic predictors of interpersonal and affective variability in borderline personality pathology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney R. Ringwald ◽  
Michael Hallquist ◽  
Alexandre Dombrovski ◽  
Aidan G.C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Behavioral Variability ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Trait Variance ◽  
Multi Level

Emotional and behavioral variability are unifying characteristics of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Ambulatory assessment (AA) has been used to assess and quantify this variability in terms of the categorical BPD diagnosis, but growing evidence suggests that BPD instead reflects general personality pathology. This study aimed to clarify the conceptualization of BPD by mapping indices of variability in affect, interpersonal behavior, and perceptions of others onto general and specific dimensions of personality pathology. We studied a sample of participants that met diagnostic criteria for BPD (n=129) and healthy controls (n=47) who reported on their interactions throughout the day during a 21-day AA protocol. Multi-level structural equation modeling was used to examine associations between shared and specific variance in maladaptive traits with dynamic patterns of interpersonal functioning. We found that variability is an indicator of shared trait variance, not specific traits, reinforcing the idea BPD is best understood as general personality pathology.

Transdiagnostic predictors of interpersonal and affective variability in borderline personality pathology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitney R. Ringwald ◽  
Michael Hallquist ◽  
Alexandre Dombrovski ◽  
Aidan G.C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Social Interactions ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Interpersonal Behavior ◽  
Personality Pathology ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Trait Variance ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Pooled Sample

Cross-temporal and cross-situational variability are unifying characteristics of borderline personality disorder (BPD). Ambulatory assessment (AA) has been used to directly assess and quantify this variability in terms of the categorical BPD diagnosis, but growing evidence suggests that BPD instead reflects general personality pathology. This study aimed to clarify the conceptualization of BPD by mapping indices of variability in affect, interpersonal behavior, and perceptions of others onto a dimensional model of personality pathology. We studied a pooled sample of individuals that met diagnostic criteria for BPD (n=129) and healthy controls (n=47) who reported on their interactions throughout the day during a 21-day AA protocol. Multi-level structural equation modeling was used to examine associations between shared and specific variance in maladaptive traits with affect, perceptions, and behavior in social interactions. We found that variability is a clear indicator of shared trait variance, suggesting BPD is best understood as general personality pathology.

The Development and Validation of the Compassion Scale

Assessment ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Pommier ◽  
Kristin D. Neff ◽  
István Tóth-Király
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Community Sample ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Common Humanity ◽  
Student Sample ◽  
Self Compassion ◽  
Potential Scale ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Development And Validation ◽  
Compassion Scale

This article presents a measure of compassion for others called the Compassion Scale (CS), which is based on Neff’s theoretical model of self-compassion. Compassion was operationalized as experiencing kindness, a sense of common humanity, mindfulness, and lessened indifference toward the suffering of others. Study 1 ( n = 465) describes the development of potential scale items and the final 16 CS items chosen based on results from analyses using bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling. Study 2 ( n = 510) cross-validates the CS in a second student sample. Study 3 ( n = 80) establishes test–retest reliability. Study 4 ( n = 1,394) replicates results with a community sample, while Study 5 ( n = 172) replicates results with a sample of meditators. Study 6 ( n = 913) examines the finalized version of the CS in a community sample. Evidence regarding reliability, discriminant, convergent, construct, and known-groups validity for the CS is provided.

Meta-Accuracy and Perceived Reciprocity From the Perception-Meta-Perception Social Relations Model

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Ben Porter ◽  
Camilla S. Øverup ◽  
Julie A. Brunson ◽  
Paras D. Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Latent Variables ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Complete Understanding ◽  
Social Relations Model ◽  
Flexible Framework ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation

Abstract. Meta-accuracy and perceptions of reciprocity can be measured by covariances between latent variables in two social relations models examining perception and meta-perception. We propose a single unified model called the Perception-Meta-Perception Social Relations Model (PM-SRM). This model simultaneously estimates all possible parameters to provide a more complete understanding of the relationships between perception and meta-perception. We describe the components of the PM-SRM and present two pedagogical examples with code, openly available on https://osf.io/4ag5m . Using a new package in R (xxM), we estimated the model using multilevel structural equation modeling which provides an approachable and flexible framework for evaluating the PM-SRM. Further, we discuss possible expansions to the PM-SRM which can explore novel and exciting hypotheses.

Impulsivity, Affect, and Stress in Daily Life: Examining a Cascade Model of Urgency

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brinkley M. Sharpe ◽  
Leonard Simms ◽  
Aidan G.C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Cascade Model ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Daily Stress ◽  
Daily Diary Study ◽  
Daily Affect ◽  
Multilevel Structural Equation

Using multilevel structural equation modeling, we examined within- and between-person predictors of daily impulsivity, with a particular focus on testing a cascade model of affect and daily stress in a 100-day daily diary study of 101 psychiatric patients with personality disorder diagnoses. On average (i.e., fixed effect), within-person increases in daily stress were associated with increased daily impulsivity, both independently and as accounted for by positive associations with increased negative and positive affect. Higher Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5) Impulsivity scores were associated with amplified within-person links between impulsivity and daily stress and negative affect, but not the links between daily stress and either positive or negative affect. The results of this cascade model are consistent with the hypothesized link between daily affect and stress and daily impulsivity while providing further evidence for the validity of the PID-5 Impulsivity scale and its ability to predict daily impulsivity above and beyond fluctuations in affect and stress.

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