scholarly journals Experimental analysis of reporting about the high frequency of an event

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Chistyakov ◽  
Olga Soboleva
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Matching Law ◽  
State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽  
Response Options ◽  
Prior Odds ◽  
Free Operant

Questionnaires are common tools in psychological studies, and they include questions about frequencies (e.g., State-Trait Anxiety Inventory asks how often do you feel nervous with response options ‘never’, ‘sometimes’, ‘often’ and ‘very often’), but the meaning of responses is not clear. B. F. Skinner proposed an experimental analysis as a way to find the meaning of verbal behavior. The term ‘often’ was defined functionally as behavior with positive sensitivity to the relative frequency of an event and sensitivity to the question and social consequences. The matching law was used to describe context-behavior relations quantitatively. We conducted four experiments on ten Russian native speakers to determine the meaning of the term ‘often’. During each experiment inducers (alternating events ‘1’ and ‘0’ with a predetermined probability of occurrence, the question about the relative frequency of one of the events ‘Do you often see ‘1’s?’) and response options (‘Yes’ and ‘No’) were constantly presented. We documented free operant responses over the sequences of events with different lengths (from 4 to 12 events) and prior odds of ‘1’s to ‘0’s (from 1:5 to 5:1). Collected data suggests that ‘often’ means ‘at least three times in a row’.

Wordform-specific frequency effects cause acoustic variation in zero-inflected homophones

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-739
Author(s):  
Eva Maria Luef ◽  
Jong-Seung Sun
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Access ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Frequency Effects ◽  
Reduction Processes ◽  
Specific Frequency ◽  
Phonetic Reduction ◽  
Acoustic Variation

Abstract The frequency with which a word appears in the lexicon has implications for its pronunciation. Numerous studies have shown that high-frequency lemma are characterized by more phonetic reduction than lower-frequency lemma. These findings have proven to be particularly useful in the study of homophones where frequency-related reduction processes can give insights into lexical access theories. The majority of research on homophones and frequency effects has focused on heterographic and semantically unrelated homophones (e.g., English time – thyme) or investigated zero-derived homophones (e.g., English the cut, noun – to cut, verb). Here, zero inflection in German pluralization (e.g., ein Würfel ‘one die’– zwei Würfel ‘two dice’) was investigated to determine if and how frequency effects impact on the acoustic realization of the homophonous singular-plural word pairs. The findings indicate that the number-specified wordforms show acoustic variation related to wordform frequency and the relative frequency of the singular to plural inflected forms. Results differ for durations of wordforms, stem vowels, and final phonemes. Our findings have implications for lexical access theories and can inform about ‘frequency inheritance’ across the singular and plural homophones of the zero-inflected plurals.

scholarly journals Sexual Assault: Social and Stranger Rape

1987 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Edward Renner ◽  
Carol Wackett
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Physical Injury ◽  
Sexual Assaults ◽  
Assault Victims ◽  
To Receive

The Service for Sexual Assault Victims in Halifax reviewed 474 cases of sexual assault handled over a three-year period to determine the nature and relative frequency of social and stranger sexual assault. Women are most likely to be sexually assaulted by a man who is known to and often trusted by them. Women who are raped in a social context are less willing than those raped by a stranger to seek help at the time of the assault, to receive medical attention, or to report the rape to the police. They are also less likely to be threatened with physical harm or to receive physical injury. The cultural values which are responsible for the high frequency of sexual assaults by men who are known to their victims, and for the reluctance of the women to disclose the assault, are discussed.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KONTRASTIF KOTOWARI HYOUGEN ANTARA PEMBELAJAR BAHASA JEPANG DAN PENUTUR ASLI

2016 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Novia Hayati
Keyword(s):  
Language Learners ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Japanese Language ◽  
Contrastive Analysis ◽  
Completion Test ◽  
Unpleasant Feeling ◽  
Japanese Learners

 Abstrak Analisis Kontrastif Kotowari Hyougen  antara Pembelajar Bahasa Jepang dan Penutur Asli. Di antara beberapa aktifitas berbahasa, tindakan menolak sering dianggap sebagai tindakan yang cukup sulit karena memberikan perasaan tidak menyenangkan terhadap lawan tutur. Tindak tutur menolak tidak terlepas dari latar belakang tindak tutur berbahasa oleh pengguna bahasa tersebut. Pembelajar yang berbahasa ibu bahasa Sunda memiliki kemiripan dengan penutur asli dalam membuat tindak tutur penolakan dikarenakan adanya kedekatan aturan undak usuk bahasa sunda dengan tainguu hyougen dalam bahasa Jepang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui ungkapan penolakan yang digunakan oleh pembelajar bahasa Jepang kemudian melalui perbandingan dengan penutur asli diketahui persamaan dan perbedaanya serta permasalahan dalam ungkapan penolakan oleh pembelajar. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Discourse Completion Test (DCT). Hasil analisis data menunjukan terdapat persamaan diantara pembelajar dan penutur asli dalam pengguna {wabi} terhadap dosen akrab (penggunanya lebih rendah). Sebagai permasalahan dalam ungkapan penolakan yakni pembelajar menggunakan {fuka} dalam bentuk futsuu no hiteikei, dan {koshou} dalam frekuensi yang cukup tinggi. Sebaliknya, penutur asli menggunakan fukanoukei, dikarenakan apabila menggunakan futsuu no hiteikei akan diterima sebagai arti penolakan yang kuat/keras.Kata kunci: Kotowari hyougen, DCT, Taiguu hyougen, penutur asli, konstraktif  Abstract Contrastive Analysis of Kotowari Hyougen between Learners of Japanese Language and Japanese Native Speakers. Among several speaking activities, action of refusal is often considered a difficult act as it gives an unpleasant feeling againts interlocutors. Refusal speech act cannot be separated from the background of the speech act by the user of the language. Learners whose mother tongue is Sundanese language has similarities with Japanese native speakers in making the speech act of refusal due to the proximity of the undak usuk in Sundanese with tainguu hyougen in Japanese. This study aims to determine the expressions of refusal used by Japanese learners then, through comparison with native speakers, to determine the similarities, differences and problems in the expression of rejection by the learners. The instrument used in this study is Discourse Completion Test (DCT). Form the analysis of the data it was found that there were similarities between learners and native speakers that {riyuu/iiwake}, {wabi}, {fuka} were used as the main semantic formula. There are similarities between learners whose mother tongue is Sundanese and native speakers in using language {wabi} to professors considered familiar (lower usage). The problem of expressions of refusal used by learners {fuka} in the form Futsuu fuka no hiteikei and {koshou} was in a fairly high frequency. In contrast, native speakers use fukanoukei, because using Futsuu no hiteikei will be considered as a strong/hard sense of refusal.Keywords: Kotowari hyougen, DCT, Tainguu hyougen

scholarly journals Investigation of Native Speaker and Second Language Learner Intuition of Collocation Frequency

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Siyanova ◽  
S Spina
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Language Learner ◽  
Very Low Frequency ◽  
Second Language Learner ◽  
L2 Learners ◽  
L1 And L2

© 2015 Language Learning Research Club, University of Michigan. Research into frequency intuition has focused primarily on native (L1) and, to a lesser degree, nonnative (L2) speaker intuitions about single word frequency. What remains a largely unexplored area is L1 and L2 intuitions about collocation (i.e., phrasal) frequency. To bridge this gap, the present study aimed to answer the following question: How do L2 learners and native speakers compare against each other and corpora in their subjective judgments of collocation frequency? Native speakers and learners of Italian were asked to judge 80 noun-adjective pairings as one of the following: high frequency, medium frequency, low frequency, very low frequency. Both L1 and L2 intuitions of high frequency collocations correlated strongly with corpus frequency. Neither of the two groups of participants exhibited accurate intuitions of medium and low frequency collocations. With regard to very low frequency pairings, L1 but not L2 intuitions were found to correlate with corpora for the majority of the items. Further, mixed-effects modeling revealed that L2 learners were comparable to native speakers in their judgments of the four frequency bands, although some differences did emerge. Taken together, the study provides new insights into the nature of L1 and L2 intuitions about phrasal frequency.

Polychaete palaeoecology in an early Late Ordovician marine astrobleme of Sweden

2010 ◽  
Vol 148 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
MATS E. ERIKSSON ◽  
ÅSA M. FRISK
Keyword(s):  
Shallow Water ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Late Ordovician ◽  
Crater Floor ◽  
Drill Core ◽  
Upper Ordovician ◽  
Composition Characteristic ◽  
Post Impact ◽  
Early Late

AbstractThe post-impact Dalby Limestone (Kukruse; Upper Ordovician) of the Tvären crater, southeastern Sweden, has been analysed with regards to polychaetes, as represented by scolecodonts. A palaeoecological succession is observed in the Tvären-2 drill core sequence, as the vacant ecospace was successively filled by a range of benthonic, nektonic and planktonic organisms. Scolecodonts belong to the first non-planktonic groups to appear and constitute one of the most abundant fossil elements. The polychaete assemblage recorded has an overall composition characteristic of that of the Upper Ordovician of Baltoscandia. Oenonites, Vistulella, Mochtyella and the enigmatic ‘Xanioprion’ represent the most common genera, whereas Pteropelta, Protarabellites?, Atraktoprion and Xanioprion are considerably more rare. The assemblage differs from coeval ones particularly in its poorly represented ramphoprionid fauna and the relatively high frequency of ‘Xanioprion’. A taxonomic succession and changes in abundance and relative frequency of different taxa is observed from the deepest part of the crater and upwards towards more shallow water environments. The initial post-impact assemblage does not, however, necessarily represent a benthonic colonization of the crater floor. Instead it seems to be a taphocoenosis, as indicated by its taxonomic correspondence to the rim facies fauna recovered from Dalby Limestone erratics of the Ringsön island. The Tvären succession has yielded considerably richer scolecodont assemblages than hitherto recorded from the approximately coeval Lockne crater, possibly as a consequence of shallower water settings in the former area.

Processing of inflected nouns in late bilinguals

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
MARJA PORTIN ◽  
MINNA LEHTONEN ◽  
MATTI LAINE
Keyword(s):  
Language Proficiency ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Decision Task ◽  
Full Form ◽  
Late Exposure ◽  
Complex Words

This study investigated the recognition of Swedish inflected nouns in two participant groups. Both groups were Finnish-speaking late learners of Swedish, but the groups differed in regard to their Swedish language proficiency. In a visual lexical decision task, inflected Swedish nouns from three frequency ranges were contrasted with corresponding monomorphemic nouns. The reaction times and error rates suggested morphological decomposition for low-frequency inflected words. Yet, both medium- and high-frequency inflected words appeared to possess full-form representations. Despite an overall advantage for the more proficient participants, this pattern was present in both groups. The results indicate that even late exposure to a language can yield such input representations for morphologically complex words that are typical of native speakers.

scholarly journals High spontaneous mutation frequency in shuttle vector sequences recovered from mammalian cellular DNA.

1984 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 2266-2272 ◽  
Author(s):  
C R Ashman ◽  
R L Davidson
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Relative Frequency ◽  
Shuttle Vector ◽  
Spontaneous Mutation ◽  
Chinese Hamster ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Vector Sequences ◽  
Cellular Dna ◽  
Spontaneous Mutation Frequency ◽  
Tandem Duplications

The recombinant shuttle vector pSV2gpt was introduced into V79 Chinese hamster cells, and stable transformants expressing the Escherichia coli gpt gene were selected. Two transformants carrying tandem duplications of the plasmid at a single site were identified and fused to simian COS-1 cells. Plasmid DNA recovered from the heterokaryons was used to transform a Gpt- derivative of E. coli HB101, and the relative frequency of plasmids carrying a mutation in the gpt gene was determined. The high frequency of Gpt- plasmids (ca. 1%) was similar to that observed when plasmid was recovered from COS-1 cells which had been transfected with pSV2gpt. Most of the mutant plasmids had rearrangements in the region containing the gpt gene.

Vibration of Worm Gear Boxes

2013 ◽  
Vol 308 ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Imrich Vojtko ◽  
Marek Kočiško ◽  
Anna Šmeringaiová ◽  
Pavel Adamčík
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Load ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Worm Gear ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Modes Of Operation ◽  
High Frequency Vibration ◽  
Measuring Station ◽  
Transition Modes

The article describes the experimental analysis method of worm gear boxes for specific products. The measuring station for the dynamic load worm reducers testing can simulate various extreme transition modes of operation. There are assessed low and high frequency vibration.

scholarly journals Levels of Affixation in the Acquisition of English Morphology: A Review of Selected Paper

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-72
Author(s):  
Sikin Nuratika ◽  
Nilam Cahaya Fitri Yanti ◽  
Ester Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Native Speakers Of English ◽  
Level 1 ◽  
Level 2

In considering word formation in language development, there appear to be two central issues which can broadly be characterized as questions relating to (i) productivity, and (ii) constraints. This paper reviews one of the renowned articles which involving the theory of level-ordering that has three levels  within the lexicon, children, recognize high-frequency words than low-frequency words written by Peter Gordon (1989), entitled "Levels of Affixation in the Acquisition of English Morphology." This study has three untimed lexical-decision experiments which were carried out with 5- through 9-year-olds of native speakers of English and found general support for a systematic relation between productivity and level assignment. The aim of this paper is to make sure the readers would understand what the article's researcher try to explain about the word-formation such as stem, the stem which add affixes of Level 1, stem which adds affixes of Level 2, and stem which add affixes of Level 3. Moreover, this article's references are accurate (valid) and well-argued. This article is highly recommended for word formation in language development because the researcher stated that children might have a significant part in this process. Therefore, this paper seen the word-formation will be rich in language development depends on how often people actively create words, for example, by combining stems and affixes in much the same way that they generate sentences.

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