scholarly journals Identifying possible underlying mechanisms of developmental speech sound disorders with the Nonword Repetition Task

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alycia Erin Cummings ◽  
Anna Ehrhorn
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Verbal Response ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Phonological Encoding ◽  
Speech Sound Disorders ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Repetition Task

Purpose: The Nonword Repetition Task (NRT) was used as a tool to examine possible underlying mechanisms of developmental speech sound disorders (SSD). Specifically, deficits related to phonological encoding were examined. Method: Twenty-four children with SSD (3-7 years) and 24 typically developing (TD) children were administered the NRT. Four accuracy measures were calculated: percent consonants correct (PCC), consonant place of articulation, consonant manner of articulation, and consonant voicing. In addition, the verbal response time to produce each nonword was measured.Results: Children with SSD were less accurate in their repetition of nonwords than TD children, even after their speech sound production ability was taken into account, suggesting that a deficit beyond articulation was affecting their performance. Children with SSD demonstrated phonological encoding difficulties, as their ability to accurately represent the phonetic articulation characteristics of consonants was impaired. Moreover, children with SSD demonstrated much faster verbal response times than their TD peers; more accurate NRT responses were correlated with slower verbal response times.Conclusion: These results suggest that children with SSD may have phonological encoding deficits, which might negatively impact their ability to accurately produce speech sounds. The NRT could be used to help identify underlying mechanisms of SSD, such a deficit in phonological encoding, which could lead to more effective treatment approaches.

Nonword Repetition Performance Differentiates Children Who Stutter With and Without Concomitant Speech Sound and Developmental Language Disorders

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Katelyn L. Gerwin ◽  
Bridget Walsh ◽  
Seth E. Tichenor
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Language Disorder ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Language Disorders ◽  
Nonword Repetition ◽  
Driving Factor ◽  
Speech And Language ◽  
Speech Sound Disorder ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Speech And Language Disorders

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine how nonword repetition (NWR) performance may be impacted by the presence of concomitant speech and language disorders in young children who stutter (CWS). Method: One hundred forty-one children (88 CWS and 53 children who do not stutter [CWNS]) participated. CWS were divided into groups based on the presence of speech sound and/or language disorder or typical speech sound production and language abilities. NWR abilities were measured using stimuli composed of one- to four-syllable nonwords. Results: CWS with typical speech and language and CWNS had higher accuracy scores than CWS with concomitant speech and language disorders. We found no difference in accuracy scores between CWNS and CWS with typical speech and language abilities, nor did we find differences between CWS with speech sound disorder and CWS with both speech sound and language disorders. Accuracy decreased as nonword length increased for all groups. Conclusions: We found that the presence of a concomitant speech and language disorder was a driving factor behind poorer NWR performance in CWS. Accuracy scores differentiated CWS with concomitant disorders from CWS with typical speech and language but not CWS with typical speech and language from CWNS. Considering the speech and language abilities of CWS helped clarify poorer NWR performance and enhances generalizability to the population that exists clinically.

Contributions to Gain in Speech Sound Production Accuracy for Children With Speech Sound Disorders: Exploring Child and Therapy Factors

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 457-468
Author(s):  
Kelly Farquharson ◽  
Sherine R. Tambyraja ◽  
Laura M. Justice
Keyword(s):  
Sound Production ◽  
Speech Therapy ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Spontaneous Speech ◽  
Individual Therapy ◽  
Speech Sound Disorders ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Therapy Sessions ◽  
Production Accuracy

Purpose The purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which child- and therapy-level factors contribute to gains in speech sound production accuracy for children with speech sound disorders in receipt of school-based services. Method Data were obtained from 126 kindergarten and first- and second-grade children currently in receipt of speech therapy services in their public school setting. Pretest and posttest measures of spontaneous speech production and language ability were collected at the beginning and end of one academic year. Using a spontaneous speech sample, percentage of consonants correct (PCC) was calculated for each child; a gain score was computed by subtracting the pretest PCC score from the posttest PCC score. The children's speech-language pathologist completed weekly therapy logs during business-as-usual therapy, indicating the frequency, duration, and group composition of services throughout the school year. Results Results supported that gain in PCC from pretest to posttest was predicted by several child- and therapy-level variables. Children's initial speech sound severity was negatively related to gains in PCC. Our results also supported that the total number of therapy sessions received in a year was positively predictive of PCC gain. Interestingly, the number of individual therapy sessions was negatively associated with PCC gain. Conclusion Several malleable therapy factors contribute to gains in speech sound accuracy for children with speech sound disorders. Speech-language pathologists should consider how these factors may be manipulated to best tailor treatment to the individual needs of the children on their caseloads.

scholarly journals Preschool Speech Error Patterns Predict Articulation and Phonological Awareness Outcomes in Children With Histories of Speech Sound Disorders

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan L. Preston ◽  
Margaret Hull ◽  
Mary Louise Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Phonological Awareness ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Receptive Language ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
School Age ◽  
Speech Sound Disorders ◽  
Error Patterns ◽  
Speech Error ◽  
Literacy Scores

Purpose To determine if speech error patterns in preschoolers with speech sound disorders (SSDs) predict articulation and phonological awareness (PA) outcomes almost 4 years later. Method Twenty-five children with histories of preschool SSDs (and normal receptive language) were tested at an average age of 4;6 (years;months) and were followed up at age 8;3. The frequency of occurrence of preschool distortion errors, typical substitution and syllable structure errors, and atypical substitution and syllable structure errors was used to predict later speech sound production, PA, and literacy outcomes. Results Group averages revealed below-average school-age articulation scores and low-average PA but age-appropriate reading and spelling. Preschool speech error patterns were related to school-age outcomes. Children for whom >10% of their speech sound errors were atypical had lower PA and literacy scores at school age than children who produced <10% atypical errors. Preschoolers who produced more distortion errors were likely to have lower school-age articulation scores than preschoolers who produced fewer distortion errors. Conclusion Different preschool speech error patterns predict different school-age clinical outcomes. Many atypical speech sound errors in preschoolers may be indicative of weak phonological representations, leading to long-term PA weaknesses. Preschoolers' distortions may be resistant to change over time, leading to persisting speech sound production problems.

scholarly journals A Pilot Investigation of Speech Sound Disorder Intervention Delivered by Telehealth to School-Age Children

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sue Grogan-Johnson ◽  
Rodney M. Gabel ◽  
Jacquelyn Taylor ◽  
Lynne E. Rowan ◽  
Robin Alvares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Sound Production ◽  
Speech Therapy ◽  
School Setting ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
School Age ◽  
Speech Sound Disorders ◽  
Speech Sound Disorder ◽  
Post Intervention

This article describes a school-based telehealth service delivery model and reports outcomes made by school-age students with speech sound disorders in a rural Ohio school district. Speech therapy using computer-based speech sound intervention materials was provided either by live interactive videoconferencing (telehealth), or conventional side-by-side intervention.  Progress was measured using pre- and post-intervention scores on the Goldman Fristoe Test of Articulation-2 (Goldman & Fristoe, 2002). Students in both service delivery models made significant improvements in speech sound production, with students in the telehealth condition demonstrating greater mastery of their Individual Education Plan (IEP) goals. Live interactive videoconferencing thus appears to be a viable method for delivering intervention for speech sound disorders to children in a rural, public school setting. Keywords:  Telehealth, telerehabilitation, videoconferencing, speech sound disorder, speech therapy, speech-language pathology; E-Helper

Discrimination and Identification of a Third Formant Frequency Cue to Place of Articulation by Young Children and Adults

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Richardson ◽  
Joan E Sussman
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Typically Developing ◽  
Speech Sound Disorders ◽  
Formant Frequency ◽  
Place Of Articulation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Phonetic Categorization ◽  
Insight Into

Typically-developing children, 4 to 6 years of age, and adults participated in discrimination and identification speech perception tasks using a synthetic consonant–vowel continuum ranging from /da/ to /ga/. The seven-step synthetic /da/–/ga/ continuum was created by adjusting the first 40 ms of the third formant frequency transition. For the discrimination task, listeners participated in a Change/No–Change paradigm with four different stimuli compared to the endpoint-1 /da/ token. For the identification task, listeners labeled each token along the /da/–/ga/ continuum as either “DA” or “GA.” Results of the discrimination experiment showed that sensitivity to the third-formant transition cue improved for the adult listeners as the stimulus contrast increased, whereas the performance of the children remained poor across all stimulus comparisons. Results of the identification experiment support previous hypotheses of age-related differences in phonetic categorization. Results have implications for normative data on identification and discrimination tasks. These norms provide a metric against which children with auditory-based speech sound disorders can be compared. Furthermore, the results provide some insight into the developmental nature of categorical and non-categorical speech perception.

Morphological Awareness Skills of Second- and Third-Grade Students With and Without Speech Sound Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-616
Author(s):  
Kenn Apel ◽  
Victoria S. Henbest
Keyword(s):  
Word Reading ◽  
Speech Sound ◽  
Morphological Awareness ◽  
Literacy Skills ◽  
Receptive Vocabulary ◽  
Real Word ◽  
Speech Sound Disorders ◽  
Word Level ◽  
Third Grade Students ◽  
Pseudoword Reading

Purpose Morphological awareness is the ability to consciously manipulate the smallest units of meaning in language. Morphological awareness contributes to success with literacy skills for children with typical language and those with language impairment. However, little research has focused on the morphological awareness skills of children with speech sound disorders (SSD), who may be at risk for literacy impairments. No researcher has examined the morphological awareness skills of children with SSD and compared their skills to children with typical speech using tasks representing a comprehensive definition of morphological awareness, which was the main purpose of this study. Method Thirty second- and third-grade students with SSD and 30 with typical speech skills, matched on age and receptive vocabulary, completed four morphological awareness tasks and measures of receptive vocabulary, real-word reading, pseudoword reading, and word-level spelling. Results Results indicated there was no difference between the morphological awareness skills of students with and without SSD. Although morphological awareness was moderately to strongly related to the students' literacy skills, performance on the morphological awareness tasks contributed little to no additional variance to the children's real-word reading and spelling skills beyond what was accounted for by pseudoword reading. Conclusions Findings suggest that early elementary-age students with SSD may not present with concomitant morphological awareness difficulties and that the morphological awareness skills of these students may not play a unique role in their word-level literacy skills. Limitations and suggestions for future research on the morphological awareness skills of children with SSD are discussed.

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