Reward reduces habitual errors by enhancing the preparation of goal-directed actions

Mapping Intimacies ◽

10.31234/osf.io/hv9mz ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tyler James Adkins ◽

Taraz Lee

Keyword(s):

Forced Response ◽

Response Conflict ◽

Response Preparation ◽

Probabilistic Response ◽

Improved Performance

People’s goals often conflict with their habits, leading people to perform worse than desired. Research shows people are better at overcoming their habits and achieving their goals when they are motivated by the prospect of reward. However, it is not known whether expected reward leads to improved performance via the inhibition of habits, the facilitation of goals, or a mixture of both. We addressed this using forced-response conflict tasks and a probabilistic response preparation model that dissociates the preparation of habitual and goal-directed actions. Across two experiments, we find evidence that reward selectively accelerates the preparation of goal-directed actions.

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AN OVERVIEW OF TIME-DOMAIN COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR AEROELASTIC INSTABILITIES OF MULTI-STAGE COMPRESSOR

Journal of the Global Power and Propulsion Society ◽

10.33737/jgpps/123916 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 114-127

Author(s):

Mehdi Vahdati ◽

Fanzhou Zhao ◽

Prathiban Sureshkumar

Keyword(s):

Time Domain ◽

Forced Response ◽

Imperial College ◽

Aeroelastic Stability ◽

Improve Performance ◽

Campbell Diagram ◽

The Past ◽

Multi Stage ◽

Improved Performance ◽

Turbine Design

Modern gas turbine design continues to move towards improved performance, reduced weight and reduced cost. As turbomachinery blade aerofoils are thinned to improve performance and reduce weight, aeroelastic issues such as flutter, forced response and stall driven vibrations become more predominant. Moreover, as the use of blisks (blade-integrated-disks) with very low mechanical damping becomes more common in modern compressor designs, accurate prediction of compressor aeroelastic stability in a multi-row environment becomes vital. This paper presents a review of aeroelasticity research carried out at Rolls-Royce Vibration University Technology Centre (VUTC) at Imperial College over the past 20 years. The aim is to summarise the unusual aeroelastic issues observed in multi-stage compressors into one document so that it can be used by other researchers in the field. Blade passing forced response is not addressed here as their existence can be detected by a Campbell diagram. The results presented here are based on numerical methods but where possible data from experiments are used to verify the numerical findings.

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Response Preparation With Reliable Cues Decreases Response Competition in the Flanker Task

Experimental Psychology (formerly Zeitschrift für Experimentelle Psychologie) ◽

10.1027/1618-3169/a000411 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 65 (5) ◽

pp. 286-296 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Peter Wühr ◽

Christian Frings ◽

Herbert Heuer

Keyword(s):

Target Stimulus ◽

Flanker Task ◽

Response Competition ◽

Stimulus Display ◽

Response Conflict ◽

Choice Response ◽

Response Preparation ◽

Stimulus Processing ◽

Actual Stimulus ◽

Response Task

Abstract. We tested the hypothesis that selective response preparation, based on reliable response cues, reduces response conflict in an Eriksen flanker task. Previous studies of this issue produced inconclusive results because presenting an always valid response cue before the stimulus display turns a choice-response task into a simple-response task, in which full processing of the actual stimulus display is no longer necessary. We conducted two experiments in which we matched stimulus processing in conditions without cues and with reliable cues as far as possible. In both experiments, we presented a nogo target stimulus in 25% of the trials. The different cueing conditions were presented in separate blocks in Experiment 1 but mixed within blocks in Experiment 2. The most important result was the reduction of response conflict as induced by incompatible flanker stimuli in both experiments with reliable response cues. This finding supports the notion of a negative preparation-interference relationship.

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Response Preparation, Response Conflict, and the Effects of Irrelevant Flanker Stimuli

Advances in Cognitive Psychology ◽

10.5709/acp-0208-3 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 70-82 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Peter Wühr ◽

Herbert Heuer

Keyword(s):

Response Conflict ◽

Response Preparation

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Toward The Simultaneous Correction of Spherical and Chromatic Aberration in Electron Optics by Means of an Electrostatic Electron Mirror

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100179786 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (1) ◽

pp. 206-207

Author(s):

Gertrude. F. Rempfer

Keyword(s):

Chromatic Aberration ◽

Transverse Magnetic ◽

Objective Lens ◽

Ion Imaging ◽

Corrected Image ◽

Electric And Magnetic Fields ◽

Chromatic Aberrations ◽

Improved Performance ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

Image Planes

Optimum performance in electron and ion imaging instruments, such as electron microscopes and probe-forming instruments, in most cases depends on a compromise either between imaging errors due to spherical and chromatic aberrations and the diffraction error or between the imaging errors and the current in the image. These compromises result in the use of very small angular apertures. Reducing the spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients would permit the use of larger apertures with resulting improved performance, granted that other problems such as incorrect operation of the instrument or spurious disturbances do not interfere. One approach to correcting aberrations which has been investigated extensively is through the use of multipole electric and magnetic fields. Another approach involves the use of foil windows. However, a practical system for correcting spherical and chromatic aberration is not yet available.Our approach to correction of spherical and chromatic aberration makes use of an electrostatic electron mirror. Early studies of the properties of electron mirrors were done by Recknagel. More recently my colleagues and I have studied the properties of the hyperbolic electron mirror as a function of the ratio of accelerating voltage to mirror voltage. The spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients of the mirror are of opposite sign (overcorrected) from those of electron lenses (undercorrected). This important property invites one to find a way to incorporate a correcting mirror in an electron microscope. Unfortunately, the parts of the beam heading toward and away from the mirror must be separated. A transverse magnetic field can separate the beams, but in general the deflection aberrations degrade the image. The key to avoiding the detrimental effects of deflection aberrations is to have deflections take place at image planes. Our separating system is shown in Fig. 1. Deflections take place at the separating magnet and also at two additional magnetic deflectors. The uncorrected magnified image formed by the objective lens is focused in the first deflector, and relay lenses transfer the image to the separating magnet. The interface lens and the hyperbolic mirror acting in zoom fashion return the corrected image to the separating magnet, and the second set of relay lenses transfers the image to the final deflector, where the beam is deflected onto the projection axis.

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The Influences of Goal and Laterality of a Prepared Hand Response on a Co-Occurring Visual Search

Swiss Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1024/1421-0185/a000148 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 74 (1) ◽

pp. 55-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Alexandre Coutté ◽

Gérard Olivier ◽

Sylvane Faure

Keyword(s):

Visual Search ◽

Visual Target ◽

Motor Planning ◽

Search Performance ◽

Response Preparation ◽

Manual Response ◽

Response Hand ◽

Computer Screen ◽

Left Hand ◽

Manual Interaction

Computer use generally requires manual interaction with human-computer interfaces. In this experiment, we studied the influence of manual response preparation on co-occurring shifts of attention to information on a computer screen. The participants were to carry out a visual search task on a computer screen while simultaneously preparing to reach for either a proximal or distal switch on a horizontal device, with either their right or left hand. The response properties were not predictive of the target’s spatial position. The results mainly showed that the preparation of a manual response influenced visual search: (1) The visual target whose location was congruent with the goal of the prepared response was found faster; (2) the visual target whose location was congruent with the laterality of the response hand was found faster; (3) these effects have a cumulative influence on visual search performance; (4) the magnitude of the influence of the response goal on visual search is marginally negatively correlated with the rapidity of response execution. These results are discussed in the general framework of structural coupling between perception and motor planning.

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Conflict Monitoring Across the Life Span

Journal of Psychophysiology ◽

10.1027/0269-8803/a000120 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 124-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Daniela Czernochowski

Keyword(s):

Older Adults ◽

Life Span ◽

Age Groups ◽

Conflict Detection ◽

Response Conflict ◽

Conflict Monitoring ◽

Subsequent Performance ◽

Additional Control ◽

Performance Response ◽

Conflict Detection And Resolution

Errors can play a major role for optimizing subsequent performance: Response conflict associated with (near) errors signals the need to recruit additional control resources to minimize future conflict. However, so far it remains open whether children and older adults also adjust their performance as a function of preceding response conflict. To examine the life span development of conflict detection and resolution, response conflict was elicited during a task-switching paradigm. Electrophysiological correlates of conflict detection for correct and incorrect responses and behavioral indices of post-error adjustments were assessed while participants in four age groups were asked to focus on either speed or accuracy. Despite difficulties in resolving response conflict, the ability to detect response conflict as indexed by the Ne/ERN component was expected to mature early and be preserved in older adults. As predicted, reliable Ne/ERN peaks were detected across age groups. However, only for adults Ne/ERN amplitudes associated with errors were larger compared to Nc/CRN amplitudes for correct trials under accuracy instructions, suggesting an ongoing maturation in the ability to differentiate levels of response conflict. Behavioral interference costs were considerable in both children and older adults. Performance for children and older adults deteriorated rather than improved following errors, in line with intact conflict detection, but impaired conflict resolution. Thus, participants in all age groups were able to detect response conflict, but only young adults successfully avoided subsequent conflict by up-regulating control.

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