scholarly journals Perception of opposite-direction motion in random dot kinematograms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gi-Yeul Bae ◽  
Steven J Luck
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Stimulus Motion ◽  
Motion Signal ◽  
Motion Activity ◽  
System P ◽  
Direction Opposite

Computational models for motion perception suggest a possibility that read-out of motion signal can yield the perception of opposite direction of the true stimulus motion direction. However, this possibility was not obvious in a standard 2AFC motion discrimination (e.g., leftward vs.rightward). By allowing the motion direction to vary over 360° in typical random-dot kinematograms (RDKs) displays, and by asking observers to estimate the exact direction of motion, we were able to detect the presence of opposite-direction motion perception in RDKs.This opposite-direction motion perception was replicable across multiple display types andfeedback conditions, and participants had greater confidence in their opposite-direction responses than in true guess responses. When we fed RDKs into a computational model of motion processing, we found that the model estimated substantial motion activity in the direction opposite to the coherent stimulus direction, even though no such motion was objectively present in the stimuli, suggesting that the opposite-direction motion perception may be a consequenceof the properties of motion-selective neurons in visual cortex. Together, these results demonstrate that the perception of opposite-direction motion in RDKs is consistent with the known properties of the visual system.

scholarly journals Motion Perception in the Common Marmoset

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 2659-2673
Author(s):  
Shaun L Cloherty ◽  
Jacob L Yates ◽  
Dina Graf ◽  
Gregory C DeAngelis ◽  
Jude F Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Visual Motion Processing ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Population Codes ◽  
The Common

Abstract Visual motion processing is a well-established model system for studying neural population codes in primates. The common marmoset, a small new world primate, offers unparalleled opportunities to probe these population codes in key motion processing areas, such as cortical areas MT and MST, because these areas are accessible for imaging and recording at the cortical surface. However, little is currently known about the perceptual abilities of the marmoset. Here, we introduce a paradigm for studying motion perception in the marmoset and compare their psychophysical performance with human observers. We trained two marmosets to perform a motion estimation task in which they provided an analog report of their perceived direction of motion with an eye movement to a ring that surrounded the motion stimulus. Marmosets and humans exhibited similar trade-offs in speed versus accuracy: errors were larger and reaction times were longer as the strength of the motion signal was reduced. Reverse correlation on the temporal fluctuations in motion direction revealed that both species exhibited short integration windows; however, marmosets had substantially less nondecision time than humans. Our results provide the first quantification of motion perception in the marmoset and demonstrate several advantages to using analog estimation tasks.

Motion Perception: From Detection to Interpretation

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 501-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shin'ya Nishida ◽  
Takahiro Kawabe ◽  
Masataka Sawayama ◽  
Taiki Fukiage
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Specular Reflection ◽  
Motion Vector ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Local Motion ◽  
Computational Framework ◽  
Motion Signal ◽  
Visual Motion Processing ◽  
Level Of Processing

Visual motion processing can be conceptually divided into two levels. In the lower level, local motion signals are detected by spatiotemporal-frequency-selective sensors and then integrated into a motion vector flow. Although the model based on V1-MT physiology provides a good computational framework for this level of processing, it needs to be updated to fully explain psychophysical findings about motion perception, including complex motion signal interactions in the spatiotemporal-frequency and space domains. In the higher level, the velocity map is interpreted. Although there are many motion interpretation processes, we highlight the recent progress in research on the perception of material (e.g., specular reflection, liquid viscosity) and on animacy perception. We then consider possible linking mechanisms of the two levels and propose intrinsic flow decomposition as the key problem. To provide insights into computational mechanisms of motion perception, in addition to psychophysics and neurosciences, we review machine vision studies seeking to solve similar problems.

Task-relevant and Task-irrelevant Dimensions Are Modulated Independently at a Task-irrelevant Location

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1884-1895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey G. Lustig ◽  
Diane M. Beck
Keyword(s):  
Opposite Direction ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Medial Superior Temporal ◽  
Motion Signal ◽  
Superior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Feature Based ◽  
Opposite Color ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Direction Opposite ◽  
And Task

Single-cell and fMRI experiments indicate that task-relevant features are enhanced globally across the visual field (VF). Moreover, this global feature-based attention can spread to task-irrelevant features of the attended object. Here we ask whether a task-irrelevant feature, by virtue of being bound to a task-relevant feature, can also be enhanced at a task-irrelevant location. Specifically, we asked whether attending to the color of moving dots in one VF would influence the motion signal to colored moving dots in the other VF. Participants attended to either red or cyan dots, superimposed and moving in opposite directions. Critically, the color and motion of dots present in the opposite VF varied as a function of the attended dots such that they were either the same color/same direction, same color/opposite direction, opposite color/same direction, or opposite color/opposite direction as the attended dots. We found greater activity in ventral visual cortex when either the color or direction of motion matched the color or direction of motion at the attended location. Similar effects were found for direction of motion in human medial temporal/medial superior temporal cortex. Moreover, the color and motion effects did not interact in any region. Together, these results suggest that the coselection of an object's features modulates those features independently beyond the selected object.

scholarly journals Visual motion assists in social cognition

2020 ◽  
Vol 117 (50) ◽  
pp. 32165-32168
Author(s):  
Arvid Guterstam ◽  
Michael S. A. Graziano
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Object Motion ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Attentional State ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Motion Signal ◽  
Visual Motion Processing ◽  
The Brain

Recent evidence suggests a link between visual motion processing and social cognition. When person A watches person B, the brain of A apparently generates a fictitious, subthreshold motion signal streaming from B to the object of B’s attention. These previous studies, being correlative, were unable to establish any functional role for the false motion signals. Here, we directly tested whether subthreshold motion processing plays a role in judging the attention of others. We asked, if we contaminate people’s visual input with a subthreshold motion signal streaming from an agent to an object, can we manipulate people’s judgments about that agent’s attention? Participants viewed a display including faces, objects, and a subthreshold motion hidden in the background. Participants’ judgments of the attentional state of the faces was significantly altered by the hidden motion signal. Faces from which subthreshold motion was streaming toward an object were judged as paying more attention to the object. Control experiments showed the effect was specific to the agent-to-object motion direction and to judging attention, not action or spatial orientation. These results suggest that when the brain models other minds, it uses a subthreshold motion signal, streaming from an individual to an object, to help represent attentional state. This type of social-cognitive model, tapping perceptual mechanisms that evolved to process physical events in the real world, may help to explain the extraordinary cultural persistence of beliefs in mind processes having physical manifestation. These findings, therefore, may have larger implications for human psychology and cultural belief.

scholarly journals Two motion systems with common and separate pathways for color and luminance

1993 ◽  
Vol 90 (23) ◽  
pp. 11197-11201 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Gorea ◽  
T V Papathomas ◽  
I Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Specific System ◽  
Motion Signal ◽  
Motion Extraction ◽  
Psychological Experiments

We present psychological experiments that reveal two motion systems, a specific and an unspecific one. The specific system prevails at medium to high temporal frequencies. It comprises at least two separate motion pathways that are selective for color and for luminance and that do not interact until after the motion signal is extracted separately in each. By contrast, the unspecific system prevails at low temporal frequencies and it combines color and luminance signals at an earlier stage, before motion extraction. The successful implementation of an efficient and accurate technique for assessing equiluminance corroborates further the main findings. These results offer a general framework for understanding the nature of interactions between color and luminance signals in motion perception and suggest that previously proposed dichotomies in motion processing may be encompassed by the specific/unspecific dichotomy proposed here.

scholarly journals White matter deficits correlate with visual motion perception impairments in dyslexic carriers of the DCDC2 genetic risk variant

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Perani ◽  
Paola Scifo ◽  
Guido M. Cicchini ◽  
Pasquale Della Rosa ◽  
Chiara Banfi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Motion Perception ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
Inferior Temporal Cortex ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Risk Variant ◽  
Visual Motion Processing

AbstractMotion perception deficits in dyslexia show a large intersubjective variability, partly reflecting genetic factors influencing brain architecture development. In previous work, we have demonstrated that dyslexic carriers of a mutation of the DCDC2 gene have a very strong impairment in motion perception. In the present study, we investigated structural white matter alterations associated with the poor motion perception in a cohort of twenty dyslexics with a subgroup carrying the DCDC2 gene deletion (DCDC2d+) and a subgroup without the risk variant (DCDC2d–). We observed significant deficits in motion contrast sensitivity and in motion direction discrimination accuracy at high contrast, stronger in the DCDC2d+ group. Both motion perception impairments correlated significantly with the fractional anisotropy in posterior ventral and dorsal tracts, including early visual pathways both along the optic radiation and in proximity of occipital cortex, MT and VWFA. However, the DCDC2d+ group showed stronger correlations between FA and motion perception impairments than the DCDC2d– group in early visual white matter bundles, including the optic radiations, and in ventral pathways located in the left inferior temporal cortex. Our results suggest that the DCDC2d+ group experiences higher vulnerability in visual motion processing even at early stages of visual analysis, which might represent a specific feature associated with the genotype and provide further neurobiological support to the visual-motion deficit account of dyslexia in a specific subpopulation.

scholarly journals Motion perception in the common marmoset

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaun L. Cloherty ◽  
Jacob L. Yates ◽  
Dina Graf ◽  
Gregory C. DeAngelis ◽  
Jude F. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Motion Perception ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Common Marmoset ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Visual Motion Processing ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Population Codes ◽  
The Common

AbstractVisual motion processing is a well-established model system for studying neural population codes in primates. The common marmoset, a small new world primate, offers unparalleled opportunities to probe these population codes in key motion processing areas, such as cortical areas MT and MST, because these areas are accessible for imaging and recording at the cortical surface. However, little is currently known about the perceptual abilities of the marmoset. Here, we introduce a paradigm for studying motion perception in the marmoset and compare their psychophysical performance to human observers. We trained two marmosets to perform a motion estimation task in which they provided an analog report of their perceived direction of motion with an eye movement to a ring that surrounded the motion stimulus. Marmosets and humans exhibited similar trade-offs in speed vs. accuracy: errors were larger and reaction times were longer as the strength of the motion signal was reduced. Reverse correlation on the temporal fluctuations in motion direction revealed that both species exhibited short integration windows, however, marmosets had substantially less non-decision time than humans. Our results provide the first quantification of motion perception in the marmoset and demonstrate several advantages to using analog estimation tasks.

Increased internal noise cannot account for motion coherence processing deficits in migraine

Cephalalgia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 31 (11) ◽  
pp. 1199-1210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn E Webster ◽  
J Edwin Dickinson ◽  
Josephine Battista ◽  
Allison M McKendrick ◽  
David R Badcock
Keyword(s):  
Internal Noise ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Global Motion ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Motion Coherence ◽  
Significant Performance ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
Processing Deficits ◽  
Spiral Angle

Aim: This study aimed to revisit previous findings of superior processing of motion direction in migraineurs with a more stringent direction discrimination task and to investigate whether increased internal noise can account for motion processing deficits in migraineurs. Methods: Groups of 13 migraineurs (4 with aura, 9 without aura) and 15 headache-free controls completed three psychophysical tasks: one detecting coherence in a motion stimulus, one discriminating the spiral angle in a glass pattern and another discriminating the spiral angle in a global-motion task. Internal noise estimates were obtained for all tasks using an N-pass method. Results: Consistent with previous research, migraineurs had higher motion coherence thresholds than controls. However, there were no significant performance differences on the spiral global-motion and global-form tasks. There was no significant group difference in internal noise estimates associated with any of the tasks. Conclusions: The results from this study suggest that variation in internal noise levels is not the mechanism driving motion coherence threshold differences in migraine. Rather, we argue that motion processing deficits may result from cortical changes leading to less efficient extraction of global-motion signals from noise.

scholarly journals Neural selectivity for visual motion in macaque area V3A

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nardin Nakhla ◽  
Yavar Korkian ◽  
Matthew R. Krause ◽  
Christopher C. Pack
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Optic Flow ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Visual Motion ◽  
Flow Patterns ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Direction Selectivity ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Imaging Studies ◽  
Motion Direction

AbstractThe processing of visual motion is carried out by dedicated pathways in the primate brain. These pathways originate with populations of direction-selective neurons in the primary visual cortex, which project to dorsal structures like the middle temporal (MT) and medial superior temporal (MST) areas. Anatomical and imaging studies have suggested that area V3A might also be specialized for motion processing, but there have been very few studies of single-neuron direction selectivity in this area. We have therefore performed electrophysiological recordings from V3A neurons in two macaque monkeys (one male and one female) and measured responses to a large battery of motion stimuli that includes translation motion, as well as more complex optic flow patterns. For comparison, we simultaneously recorded the responses of MT neurons to the same stimuli. Surprisingly, we find that overall levels of direction selectivity are similar in V3A and MT and moreover that the population of V3A neurons exhibits somewhat greater selectivity for optic flow patterns. These results suggest that V3A should be considered as part of the motion processing machinery of the visual cortex, in both human and non-human primates.Significance statementAlthough area V3A is frequently the target of anatomy and imaging studies, little is known about its functional role in processing visual stimuli. Its contribution to motion processing has been particularly unclear, with different studies yielding different conclusions. We report a detailed study of direction selectivity in V3A. Our results show that single V3A neurons are, on average, as capable of representing motion direction as are neurons in well-known structures like MT. Moreover, we identify a possible specialization for V3A neurons in representing complex optic flow, which has previously been thought to emerge in higher-order brain regions. Thus it appears that V3A is well-suited to a functional role in motion processing.

scholarly journals Faster processing of moving compared to flashed bars in awake macaque V1 provides a neural correlate of the flash lag illusion

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manivannan Subramaniyan ◽  
Alexander S. Ecker ◽  
Saumil S. Patel ◽  
R. James Cotton ◽  
Matthias Bethge ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moving Object ◽  
Motion Processing ◽  
Neural Correlate ◽  
Compensatory Mechanisms ◽  
Motion Direction ◽  
Object A ◽  
Moving Stimuli ◽  
Natural Motion ◽  
Statistical Regularities ◽  
The Brain

AbstractWhen the brain has determined the position of a moving object, due to anatomical and processing delays, the object will have already moved to a new location. Given the statistical regularities present in natural motion, the brain may have acquired compensatory mechanisms to minimize the mismatch between the perceived and the real position of a moving object. A well-known visual illusion — the flash lag effect — points towards such a possibility. Although many psychophysical models have been suggested to explain this illusion, their predictions have not been tested at the neural level, particularly in a species of animal known to perceive the illusion. Towards this, we recorded neural responses to flashed and moving bars from primary visual cortex (V1) of awake, fixating macaque monkeys. We found that the response latency to moving bars of varying speed, motion direction and luminance was shorter than that to flashes, in a manner that is consistent with psychophysical results. At the level of V1, our results support the differential latency model positing that flashed and moving bars have different latencies. As we found a neural correlate of the illusion in passively fixating monkeys, our results also suggest that judging the instantaneous position of the moving bar at the time of flash — as required by the postdiction/motion-biasing model — may not be necessary for observing a neural correlate of the illusion. Our results also suggest that the brain may have evolved mechanisms to process moving stimuli faster and closer to real time compared with briefly appearing stationary stimuli.New and NoteworthyWe report several observations in awake macaque V1 that provide support for the differential latency model of the flash lag illusion. We find that the equal latency of flash and moving stimuli as assumed by motion integration/postdiction models does not hold in V1. We show that in macaque V1, motion processing latency depends on stimulus luminance, speed and motion direction in a manner consistent with several psychophysical properties of the flash lag illusion.

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