Nothing to Worry About: Why Liberals Underestimate Dominant Leaders and Act Complacently

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danbee Chon ◽  
Hemant Kakkar
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Systematic Bias ◽  
Party Affiliation ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Us Presidential Election

Political campaigns that lead to endorsement or victory for dominant-authoritarian candidates such as the Brexit vote or the 2016 US Presidential election are typically plagued with disbelief and bewilderment among liberals primarily because they don’t support or expect such outcomes. Beyond party affiliation, we offer a psychologically grounded explanation contending the prevalence of a systematic bias among liberals. We propose that liberals in comparison to conservatives’ dislike dominant-authoritarian leaders and this aversion leads liberals to underestimate the success of such leaders. Such underestimation leads to more sinister ramifications among liberals, making them more complacent, overconfident, and less inclined to vote for their favored candidate. We do not find any such difference among liberals and conservatives when the leader is associated with prestige or egalitarian values. We test our hypotheses across seven studies (two pre-registered, one in SI), including large-scale field data, six experimental studies with varied contexts, and a combined sample of more than 215,000 observations from 93 countries and spanning the past three decades. Additionally, we find the bias to be robust across both subjective and behavioral measures, different contexts, and even when objective odds favor the dominant leader. In doing so, our work helps explain low voter turnout among liberals compared to conservatives in the 2016 US election and why underestimating the success of such leaders may lead liberals to act complacently and not vote thereby paradoxically increasing the success likelihood of dominant-authoritarian leaders.

scholarly journals Personalizing the Customization Experience: A Matching Theory of Mass Customization Interfaces and Cultural Information Processing

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1050-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuel de Bellis ◽  
Christian Hildebrand ◽  
Kenichi Ito ◽  
Andreas Herrmann ◽  
Bernd Schmitt
Keyword(s):  
Mass Customization ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Matching Theory ◽  
Consumer Responses ◽  
Processing Style ◽  
Consumer Markets ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Large Scale Field

Mass customization interfaces typically guide consumers through the configuration process in a sequential manner, focusing on one product attribute after the other. What if this standardized customization experience were personalized for consumers on the basis of how they process information? A series of large-scale field and experimental studies, conducted with Western and Eastern consumers, shows that matching the interface to consumers’ culture-specific processing style enhances the effectiveness of mass customization. Specifically, presenting the same information isolated (by attribute) to Western consumers but contextualized (by alternative) to Eastern consumers increases satisfaction with and likelihood of purchasing the configured product, along with the amount of money spent on the product. These positive consumer responses emerge because of an increase in “interface fluency”—consumers’ subjective experience of ease when using the interface. The authors advise firms to personalize the customization experience by employing processing-congruent interfaces across consumer markets.

scholarly journals A field experiment shows that subtle linguistic cues might not affect voter behavior

2016 ◽  
Vol 113 (26) ◽  
pp. 7112-7117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan S. Gerber ◽  
Gregory A. Huber ◽  
Daniel R. Biggers ◽  
David J. Hendry
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Point Estimate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Linguistic Cues ◽  
Scale Field ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
The Difference

One of the most important recent developments in social psychology is the discovery of minor interventions that have large and enduring effects on behavior. A leading example of this class of results is in the work by Bryan et al. [Bryan CJ, Walton GM, Rogers T, Dweck CS (2011) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(31):12653–12656], which shows that administering a set of survey items worded so that subjects think of themselves as voters (noun treatment) rather than as voting (verb treatment) substantially increases political participation (voter turnout) among subjects. We revisit these experiments by replicating and extending their research design in a large-scale field experiment. In contrast to the 11 to 14% point greater turnout among those exposed to the noun rather than the verb treatment reported in the work by Bryan et al., we find no statistically significant difference in turnout between the noun and verb treatments (the point estimate of the difference is approximately zero). Furthermore, when we benchmark these treatments against a standard get out the vote message, we estimate that both are less effective at increasing turnout than a much shorter basic mobilization message. In our conclusion, we detail how our study differs from the work by Bryan et al. and discuss how our results might be interpreted.

Steel Catenary Riser Response Identification Based on Field Measurements

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiannis Constantinides ◽  
Lee Tran ◽  
Prahlad Enuganti ◽  
Mike Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Steel Catenary Riser ◽  
The Past ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
Steel Catenary Risers ◽  
Riser Design ◽  
Touchdown Point

The existing riser design and analysis methodologies rely on empirically derived parameters to conservatively represent the complex dynamic behavior. With exploration moving to deeper water and the increasing need of existing asset support, there is a strong need to evaluate and refine these methodologies. This is especially true for Steel Catenary Risers (SCR) as they are the most widely used riser type and due to their complex soil-pipe interaction at the touchdown point. Given the small amount of small scale experiments that have been performed in the past, there is a strong industry need for large scale field measurements. This paper presents valuable field data collected from a deepwater SCR under storm conditions. The presented data includes riser accelerations and strains compared against vessel motions. The measured SCR response is also analyzed and qualitatively compared against the current understanding of SCR response that constitutes the industry analysis methodologies.

Aggregate Effects of Large-Scale Campaigns on Voter Turnout

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 733-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan D. Enos ◽  
Anthony Fowler
Keyword(s):  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Political Campaigns ◽  
Presidential Campaigns ◽  
Inside Information ◽  
Small Individual ◽  
Media Markets ◽  
Aggregate Effects ◽  
Marginal Returns

To what extent do political campaigns mobilize voters? Despite the central role of campaigns in American politics and despite many experiments on campaigning, we know little about the aggregate effects of an entire campaign on voter participation. Drawing upon inside information from presidential campaigns and utilizing a geographic research design that exploits media markets spanning state boundaries, we estimate the aggregate effects of a large-scale campaign. We estimate that the 2012 presidential campaigns increased turnout in highly targeted states by 7–8 percentage points, on average, indicating that modern campaigns can significantly alter the size and composition of the voting population. Further evidence suggests that the predominant mechanism behind this effect is traditional ground campaigning, which has dramatically increased in scale in the last few presidential elections. Additionally, we find no evidence of diminishing marginal returns to ground campaigning, meaning that voter contacts, each likely exhibiting small individual effects, may aggregate to large effects over the course of a campaign.

scholarly journals 3bij3 – Developing a framework for researching recommender systems and their effects

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicia Loecherbach ◽  
Damian Trilling
Keyword(s):  
Recommender Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recommendation System ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Online News ◽  
Behavioral Measures ◽  
Time News ◽  
Recommendation Algorithms ◽  
Large Scale Field ◽  
The Impact

Today’s online news environment is increasingly characterized by personalized news selections, relying on algorithmic solutions for extracting relevant articles and composing an individual’s news diet. Yet, the impact of such recommendation algorithms on how we consume and perceive news is still understudied. We therefore developed one of the first software solutions to conduct studies on effects of news recommender systems in a realistic setting. The web app of our framework (called 3bij3) displays real-time news articles selected by different mechanisms. 3bij3 can be used to conduct large-scale field experiments, in which participants’ use of the site can be tracked over extended periods of time. Compared to previous work, 3bij3 gives researchers control over the recommendation system under study and creates a realistic environment for the participants. It integrates web scraping, different methods to compare and classify news articles, different recommender systems, a web interface for participants, gamification elements, and a user survey to enrich the behavioral measures obtained.

scholarly journals Toward a replication culture: Speech production research in the classroom

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timo Benjamin Roettger ◽  
Dinah Baer-Henney
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Replication Studies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Production Research ◽  
Classroom Studies

Our understanding of human sound systems is increasingly shaped by experimental studies. What we can learn from a single study, however, is limited. It is of critical importance to evaluate and substantiate existing findings in the literature by directly replicating published studies. Our publication system, however, does not reward direct replications in the same way as it rewards novel discoveries. Consequently, there is a lack of incentives for researchers to spend resources on conducting replication studies, a situation that is particularly true for speech production experiments, which often require resourceful data collection procedures and recording environments. In order to sidestep this issue, we propose to run direct replication studies with our students in the classroom. This proposal offers an easy and inexpensive way to conduct large-scale replication studies and has valuable pedagogical advantages for our students. To illustrate the feasibility of this approach, we report on two classroom-based replication studies on incomplete neutralization, a speech phenomenon that has sparked many methodological debates in the past. We show that in our classroom studies, we not only replicated incomplete neutralization effects, but our studies yielded effect magnitudes comparable to laboratory experiments and meta analytical estimates. We discuss potential challenges to this approach and outline possible ways to help us substantiate our scientific record.

scholarly journals Effects of content and language integrated learning in Europe A systematic review of longitudinal experimental studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 675-698 ◽  
Author(s):  
JA Goris ◽  
EJPG Denessen ◽  
LTW Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Educational Innovation ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Integrated Learning ◽  
Educational Approach ◽  
The Past

Content and language integrated learning (CLIL), an educational approach in which subject matter and a foreign language – predominantly English – are taught and learnt side by side, has developed into a very popular educational innovation in most European countries. A host of research studies have shown its benefits, and discuss favourable effects especially with respect to L2 gains. However, critical voices have underscored the fact that CLIL attracts or selects mainly high-achieving learners. Hence, the question arises whether it is justified to attribute improved L2 performance mainly to the CLIL intervention, or to favourable learner characteristics. Several reviews of literature were published in the past, but due to a lack of longitudinal findings no conclusive evidence about the added value of CLIL in the process of L2 learning could be produced. The present review aims to fill this void and has undertaken a search of two decades of longitudinal studies into the effects of CLIL on various linguistic skills in the field of English as a foreign language. The findings indicate that robust studies were undertaken in only a limited number of European countries, and that only a few of them were large scale. Yet, the conclusions provide clear indications regarding the contexts in which CLIL leads to significantly better L2 results.

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