scholarly journals Use of the Oxford Face Matching Test Reveals an Effect of Ageing on Face Perception but Not Face Memory.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirta Stantic ◽  
Geoffrey Bird ◽  
Caroline Catmur ◽  
Bethan Hearne
Keyword(s):  
Face Perception ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Face Memory ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Matching Test ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Effect Of Age

Effects of ageing on both face perception and face memory have previously been reported. Previous studies, however, have not controlled for the effects of face perception when assessing face memory, meaning that apparent effects of ageing on face memory may actually be due to effects of ageing on face perception. Here, both face perception and face memory were assessed in a sample of adults ranging in age from 18 to 93, and the effect of age on face memory was assessed after controlling for face perception. Face perception was assessed using both a standard test and the Oxford Face Matching Test (OFMT), deliberately designed to avoid the bias towards younger, neurotypical samples that may be present in other tests. An effect of ageing on face perception was found using both tests, with the unbiased OFMT being more sensitive to the effect of age. Importantly, when controlling for face perception using the OFMT, no effect of age on face memory was found. Indicative scores on the OFMT from a sample of 989 participants are provided, broken down by age and gender.

scholarly journals Use of the Oxford Face Matching Test Reveals an Effect of Ageing On Face Perception But Not Face Memory

Cortex ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirta Stantić ◽  
Bethan Hearne ◽  
Caroline Catmur ◽  
Geoffrey Bird
Keyword(s):  
Face Perception ◽  
Face Memory ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Matching Test

scholarly journals The Oxford Face Matching Test: A Non-Biased Test of The Full Range of Individual Differences in Face Perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirta Stantic ◽  
Rebecca Brewer ◽  
Brad Duchaine ◽  
Michael J. Banissy ◽  
Sarah Bate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Item Difficulty ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Face Memory ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Matching Test ◽  
Processing Abilities

Tests of face processing are typically designed to identify individuals performing outside of the typical range; either prosopagnosic individuals who exhibit poor face processing ability, or super recognisers, who have superior face processing abilities. Here we describe the development of the Oxford Face Matching Test (OFMT), designed to identify individual differences in face processing across the full range of performance, from prosopagnosia, through the range of typical performance, to super recognisers. Such a test requires items of varying difficulty, but establishing difficulty is problematic when particular populations (e.g. prosopagnosics, individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder) may use atypical strategies to process faces. If item difficulty is calibrated on neurotypical individuals, then the test may be poorly calibrated for atypical groups, and vice versa. To obtain items of varying difficulty we used facial recognition algorithms to obtain face pair similarity ratings that are not biased towards specific populations. These face pairs were used as stimuli in the OFMT, and participants required to judge if the face images depicted the same individual or different individuals. Across five studies the OFMT was shown to be sensitive to individual differences in the typical population, and in groups of both prosopagnosic individuals and super recognisers. The test-retest reliability of the task was at least equivalent to the Cambridge Face Memory Test and the Glasgow Face Matching Test. Furthermore, results reveal, at least at the group level, that both face perception and face memory are poor in those with prosopagnosia, and good in super recognisers.

scholarly journals The Oxford Face Matching Test: A non-biased test of the full range of individual differences in face perception

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirta Stantic ◽  
Rebecca Brewer ◽  
Bradley Duchaine ◽  
Michael J. Banissy ◽  
Sarah Bate ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Face Perception ◽  
Face Processing ◽  
Item Difficulty ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Face Memory ◽  
Face Matching ◽  
Matching Test ◽  
Processing Abilities

AbstractTests of face processing are typically designed to identify individuals performing outside of the typical range; either prosopagnosic individuals who exhibit poor face processing ability, or super recognisers, who have superior face processing abilities. Here we describe the development of the Oxford Face Matching Test (OFMT), designed to identify individual differences in face processing across the full range of performance, from prosopagnosia, through the range of typical performance, to super recognisers. Such a test requires items of varying difficulty, but establishing difficulty is problematic when particular populations (e.g., prosopagnosics, individuals with autism spectrum disorder) may use atypical strategies to process faces. If item difficulty is calibrated on neurotypical individuals, then the test may be poorly calibrated for atypical groups, and vice versa. To obtain items of varying difficulty, we used facial recognition algorithms to obtain face pair similarity ratings that are not biased towards specific populations. These face pairs were used as stimuli in the OFMT, and participants were required to judge whether the face images depicted the same individual or different individuals. Across five studies the OFMT was shown to be sensitive to individual differences in the typical population, and in groups of both prosopagnosic individuals and super recognisers. The test-retest reliability of the task was at least equivalent to the Cambridge Face Memory Test and the Glasgow Face Matching Test. Furthermore, results reveal, at least at the group level, that both face perception and face memory are poor in those with prosopagnosia, and are good in super recognisers.

scholarly journals Effect of Aging, Gender and Sensory Stimulation of TRPV1 Receptors with Capsaicin on Spontaneous Swallowing Frequency in Patients with Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: A Proof-of-Concept Study

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 461
Author(s):  
Weslania Nascimento ◽  
Noemí Tomsen ◽  
Saray Acedo ◽  
Cristina Campos-Alcantara ◽  
Christopher Cabib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oropharyngeal Dysphagia ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Age And Gender ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Brainstem Reflex ◽  
Trpv1 Receptors ◽  
Volume Viscosity ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Effect Of Age ◽  
Stimulation Of

Spontaneous swallowing contributes to airway protection and depends on the activation of brainstem reflex circuits in the central pattern generator (CPG). We studied the effect of age and gender on spontaneous swallowing frequency (SSF) in healthy volunteers and assessed basal SSF and TRPV1 stimulation effect on SSF in patients with post-stroke oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD). The effect of age and gender on SSF was examined on 141 healthy adult volunteers (HV) divided into three groups: GI—18–39 yr, GII—40–59 yr, and GIII—>60 yr. OD was assessed by the Volume–Viscosity Swallowing Test (VVST). The effect of sensory stimulation with capsaicin 10−5 M (TRPV1 agonist) was evaluated in 17 patients with post-stroke OD, using the SSF. SSF was recorded in all participants during 10 min using surface electromyography (sEMG) of the suprahyoid muscles and an omnidirectional accelerometer placed over the cricothyroid cartilage. SSF was significantly reduced in GII (0.73 ± 0.50 swallows/min; p = 0.0385) and GIII (0.50 ± 0.31 swallows/min; p < 0.0001) compared to GI (1.03 ± 0.62 swallows/min), and there was a moderate significant correlation between age and SFF (r = −0.3810; p < 0.0001). No effect of gender on SSF was observed. Capsaicin caused a strong and significant increase in SSF after the TRPV1 stimulation when comparing to basal condition (pre-capsaicin: 0.41 ± 0.32 swallows/min vs post-capsaicin: 0.81 ± 0.51 swallow/min; p = 0.0003). OD in patients with post-stroke OD and acute stimulation with TRPV1 agonists caused a significant increase in SSF, further suggesting the potential role of pharmacological stimulation of sensory pathways as a therapeutic strategy for CPG activation in patients with OD.

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