Construct Validation of the Pictorial Implicit Association Test (PIAT): Implications for implicit attitudinal research
Construct validation of the Pictorial Implicit Association Test (PIAT) was assessed using Confirmatory Factor Analytic (CFA) procedures to account for measurement error. The PIAT was compared with the traditional verbal IAT (VIAT) to examine construct validity and internal consistency. Attitudes towards Middle Eastern and European people and countries were examined using two PIATs, two VIATs and two explicit attitude questionnaires for 198 student participants. Results demonstrated convergent validity of the PIATs and VIATs, supporting the equivalency of these task formats. The PIAT appears a suitable alternative to the VIAT for use in applied behavioural research, especially with populations for whom the VIAT is inappropriate, such as young children and the illiterate. However, evidence of substantial error variance in both the PIAT and the more widely used VIAT was concerning, and suggests the need for latent modelling analytical approaches to address error variance in implicit attitudinal research.