scholarly journals A Theory of Sequential-Stage Signaling: Evidence from Equity-Crowdfunding

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kourosh Shafi ◽  
Massimo G. Colombo
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Equity Crowdfunding ◽  
Costly Signals ◽  
The U.S

We develop a theory of sequential-stage signaling that addresses how issuers’ signals are perceived by the receivers when there is an intermediary that facilitates the transaction and the intermediary’s incentives may not be aligned with those of signal receivers. We propose that boundedly-rational receivers may misinterpret costly signals indicating issuers’ underlying quality and consider signals revealing intermediary’s private information on issuers’ quality to be more informative. We apply the theory to the context of equity crowdfunding offerings in the U.S. While the signal from ventures’ backing by professional investors is associated with more positive outcomes of the crowdfunding campaigns, our findings show that this effect is mediated by the equity stake requested by the crowdfunding platforms as compensation for their services. The platforms’ "skin in the game" sends an additional easily-interpretable signal to crowd investors on venture quality.

Estimating the Severity of the WikiLeaks U.S. Diplomatic Cables Disclosure

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gill ◽  
Arthur Spirling
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Minimum Variance ◽  
Prison Sentence ◽  
The Public ◽  
Discrete Uniform Distribution ◽  
Discrete Uniform ◽  
Official Sources ◽  
The U.S

In November 2010, the WikiLeaks organization began the release of over 250,000 diplomatic cables sent by U.S. embassies to the U.S. State Department, uploaded to its website by (then) Private Manning, an intelligence analyst with the U.S. Army. This leak was widely condemned, including by then Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. We assess the severity of the leak by considering the size of the disclosure relative to all diplomatic cables that were in existence at the time—a quantity that is not known outside official sources. We rely on the fact that the cables that were leaked are internally indexed in such a way that they may be treated as a sample from a discrete uniform distribution with unknown maximum; this is a version of the well-known “German Tank Problem.” We consider three estimators that rely on discrete uniformity—maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and frequentist unbiased minimum variance—and demonstrate that the results are very similar in all cases. To supplement these estimators, we employ a regression-based procedure that incorporates the timing of cables' release in addition to their observed serial numbers. We estimate that, overall, approximately 5% of all cables from this timeframe were leaked, but that this number varies considerably at the embassy-year level. Our work provides a useful characterization of the sample of documents available to international relations scholars interested in testing theories of “private information,” while helping inform the public debate surrounding Manning's trial and 35-year prison sentence.

Equity Crowdfunding: Symbid Entering the U.S. (B)

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennie Dvorak ◽  
Joost van Houwelingen ◽  
Maria Klipper ◽  
Marcus Paulsson ◽  
Willem Hulsink
Keyword(s):  
Equity Crowdfunding ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals Registered Nurses as Optimizers of Gender-Affirming Care Within a Transgender and Intersex Specialty Care Clinic

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-131
Author(s):  
Alissa R. Zimmerman ◽  
Zachary C. Missel ◽  
LeAnn M. Bauman ◽  
Cesar A. Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Registered Nurses ◽  
Gender Dysphoria ◽  
The United States ◽  
Specialty Care ◽  
Positive Outcomes ◽  
Care Clinic ◽  
The Past ◽  
Education And Health ◽  
The U.S

An estimated 1.4 million transgender adults live in the United States; this equates to approximately 0.6% of the U.S. population (Lane et al., 2018). Clinical focus on gender dysphoria has significantly increased over the past 30 years (MacCarthy, Reisner, Nunn, Perez-Brumer, & Operario, 2015), with burgeoning evidence from across disciplines documenting the positive outcomes associated with gender-affirming interventions. The purpose of this article is to illustrate how RNs optimize psychosocial, hormonal, and surgical gender-affirming care through performing comprehensive assessments, coordinating care, and providing education and health coaching.

Equity Crowdfunding in the U.S.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iman Dolatabadi ◽  
Cesare Fracassi ◽  
Lin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Equity Crowdfunding ◽  
The U.S

scholarly journals An Examination of People’s Privacy Concerns, Perceptions of Social Benefits, and Acceptance of COVID-19 Mitigation Measures That Harness Location Information: A Comparative Study of the U.S. and South Korea

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 25
Author(s):  
Junghwan Kim ◽  
Mei-Po Kwan
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Location Information ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The U.S

This paper examines people’s privacy concerns, perceptions of social benefits, and acceptance of various COVID-19 control measures that harness location information using data collected through an online survey in the U.S. and South Korea. The results indicate that people have higher privacy concerns for methods that use more sensitive and private information. The results also reveal that people’s perceptions of social benefits are low when their privacy concerns are high, indicating a trade-off relationship between privacy concerns and perceived social benefits. Moreover, the acceptance by South Koreans for most mitigation methods is significantly higher than that by people in the U.S. Lastly, the regression results indicate that South Koreans (compared to people in the U.S.) and people with a stronger collectivist orientation tend to have higher acceptance for the control measures because they have lower privacy concerns and perceive greater social benefits for the measures. These findings advance our understanding of the important role of geographic context and culture as well as people’s experiences of the mitigation measures applied to control a previous pandemic.

scholarly journals The Substance of Procedure: Non-Party Disclosure in the Canadian and U.S. Online Music Sharing Litigation

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jane Bailey
Keyword(s):  
Private Information ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
The United States ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Internet Service ◽  
Online Music ◽  
Legal Outcomes ◽  
Internet Connections ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The U.S

The music recording industry is suing Internet subscribers in Canada and the United States for alleged copyright infringement in unprecedented numbers. The procedure for obtaining non-party disclosure has taken on renewed significance in this context, as the industry requests disclosure of identifying and private information from Internet Service Providers (ISPs) who provide online communicators with their Internet connections. Legislative measures adopted in the U.S. expedited the disclosure process through an administrative mechanism with low threshold requirements for issuance of a subpoena against an ISP. In Canada (and after late 2004 in the U.S.), disclosure requests proceeded under federal rules of court. Comparison of the expedited administrative and the judicially interpreted rules-based processes raises important questions about the connection between procedure and substance, and procedural justice more generally. Not only are more permissive rules for disclosure often inconsistent with protecting substantive rights, such as privacy, bin they also cannot be presumed to enhance the likelihood of achieving accurate substantive legal outcomes. If non-party disclosure rules are not contextually designed and implemented to reflect the power and resource imbalance between the plaintiff music industry and the individual defendants pursued in online music sharing litigation, the public and private interest in substantive adjudication of critical questions relating to copyright law may be foreclosed for reasons wholly unrelated to substantive legal merits.

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