ARCHITECTURAL AND HISTORICAL VALUE - THE PROPERTY OF THE PEOPLE

The article touches upon the results of the phased restoration work of architectural and historical monuments of educational buildings of the Kazakh Humanitarian and Legal Innovation University located at the address Semey city, Abai Street, 94 and the current state of other valuable historical monuments that have spiritual significance for future generations of the country.

Gene editing in tree and clonal crops: progress and challenges

Because of the limitations inherent in conventional breeding of trees and clonally propagated crops, gene editing is of great interest. Dozens of published papers attest to the high efficiency of CRISPR-based systems in clonal crops and trees. The opportunity for “clean” edits is expected to avoid or reduce regulatory burdens in many countries and may improve market acceptance. To date, however, nearly all studies in trees and clonal crops retained all of the gene editing machinery in the genome. Despite high gene editing efficiency, technical and regulatory obstacles are likely to greatly limit progress toward commercial use. Technical obstacles include difficult and slow transformation and regeneration, delayed onset of flowering or clonal systems that make sexual segregation of CRISPR-associated genes difficult, inefficient excision systems to enable removal of functional (protein- or RNA-encoding) transgenic DNA, and narrow host range or limited gene-payload viral systems for efficient transient editing. Regulatory obstacles include those such as in the EU where gene-edited plants are regulated like GMO crops, and the many forms of method-based systems that regulate stringently based on the method vs. product novelty and thus are largely applied to each insertion event. Other major obstacles include the provisions of the Cartagena Protocol with respect to international trade and the need for compliance with the National Environmental Policy Act in the USA. The USDA SECURE act has taken a major step toward a more science- and risk-based—vs. method and insertion event based—system, but much further regulatory and legal innovation is needed in the USA and beyond.

Innovative Implementation Of Investment Insurance In The Republic Of Uzbekistan

This article examines the civil regulation of the innovative implementation of investment insurance activities in the Republic of Uzbekistan, the issues of attracting and using investments through innovative activities. The article provides definitions of the basic concepts of innovation in the field of investment insurance and legal innovation. The analysis of the civil legislation in force in the field of foreign investment insurance regulation and innovative implementation of investment insurance in the country has been carried out. Furthermore, proposals will be made to improve legislation in the field of investment insurance in the republic by introducing IT technologies in the process of investment insurance activities.

«Homo Dignus», the Legal Status of the Individual and Modern Constitutionalism (Russian, Comparative and International Context)

The article analyzes homo dignus («a worthy person») as a theoretical, constitutional and legal concept; secular and theological approaches to understanding human dignity, differences between the Roman concept of «dignitas» and the theological concept of «image of God» («imago Dei»); the problem of constitutional-legal and wider legal regulation of human dignity in the domestic and international context is investigated. The author notes that the legal concept of an individual interacts with the legal concept of human dignity and the forms of their interaction are diverse. 1) The dignity of the individual is the legal basis for the structure and elements of the legal status of man and citizen; 2) a person possesses dignity in the case of his full legal capacity, and in the case of limited or lost legal capacity; 3) the dignity is possessed by a person who can have various relations with the state: a stateless person, a citizen, a bipatride or a polypatride, an alien in the territory of the state; 4) the idea of dignity and the idea of equality, combining in the field of law, stimulate the generation of a new paradigmatic thinking in the form of equal dignity. This article substantiates the concept of «constitutionalism of human dignity» from the standpoint of the Russian, comparative and international context. The article uses methods of discursive and comparative legal analysis, the method of constitutional design, specific historical and formal legal methods of analysis. It is concluded that a complex constitutional legal institution of the personhood dignity has been gradually forming in Russia. This institution is a constitutional and legal innovation in the structure of the foundations of the legal status of a person and citizen

Nationalist Mobilization, Ethno-Religious Contention, and Legal Innovation in a Stateless Nation: Explaining Catalonia’s 2009 “Law on Centers of Worship”

This article analyzes the development and framing of Catalonia’s “Law on Centers of Worship”, an innovative law dedicated exclusively to the regulation of religious temples that was passed by the regional parliament in 2009. The law was a legal novelty in Spain, as well as in Europe, where regulations pertaining to places of worship are typically folded into regional or municipal laws and ordinances dealing with zoning and construction. This analysis highlights how the law aimed not only to address the challenges generated by the proliferation of places of worship serving religious minorities, but also to legally reinforce and symbolically affirm Catalonia’s political autonomy and cultural distinctiveness vis-à-vis Spain. I place particular emphasis on how the temporal confluence of heightened nationalist mobilization, on the one hand, and tensions surrounding ethno-religious diversification, on the other, contributed to the development of a legal innovation that integrated the governance of religious diversity within the broader nation-building project. The findings illustrate the role of historical timing and conjunctural causality in shaping the dynamic nexus between religion, law, and politics.

Creating a New Legal Form: The GmbH

The most common business enterprise form in Germany today is the Gesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (GmbH). The GmbH offers entrepreneurs the flexibility of a partnership combined with limited liability, capital lock-in, and other traits associated with corporations. Authorized in 1892, the GmbH appeared during a period of ferment in German enterprise law and was an early example of the private limited-liability company prevalent in many economies today. The new form reflected challenges created by the corporation reform of 1884, problems in German colonial companies, and the view that British company law had put German firms at a competitive disadvantage. Significant sections of the financial and legal community harbored strong reservations about this legal innovation.

Social representations of psychology: When paradoxes become a strength

This article investigates the understanding by different groups of what psychology is and what psychologists do. We first recall some of the tensions that fuelled the discipline and underpinned its institutionalization in France. Then, drawing on social representations (SR) theory and on the wind-rose model, we explore how SR of psychology and of the psychologist are developed in two different groups and when these groups come together. The first study shows how future psychologists construct, during their studies, a paradoxical understanding of the discipline and of the profession, which echoes some historical tensions: they neither abandon common-sense ideas, nor do they integrate the different psychological dimensions to develop a global approach to the person. The second study, conducted in a context of legal innovation faced by multi-professional teams in charge of assessing disabilities, shows how very different representations of the discipline and of the profession are developed in order to serve local power relationships. Finally, the third study looks at SR constructed through psychological practices by analyzing reports written by psychologists and addressed to these teams. Through their writings, psychologists reconstruct historical tensions, but they also strategically emphasize the different facets of the discipline depending on the issue at play. Thus, when they address these teams with various representations of the discipline and diverse expectations of psychologists, the tensions structuring psychology may become a strength and serve their legitimacy. All in all, the social representations of psychology and of the psychologist appears as a dynamic and interactive process.