THE PROBLEM OF DEMARCATION OF SCIENCE AND PSEUDOSCIENCE AND THE IDEA OF FAMILY RESEMBLANCE

Naukovedenie ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 40-52
Author(s):  
Mikhail Sushchin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Family Resemblance ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The problem of characterization scientific knowledge and its difference from other forms of activity has been discussed since antiquity. Nevertheless, in its modern guise, the problem of demarcation of science and non-science appeared in the works of logical positivists and their critic K. Popper. Thanks to their efforts, this problem has become one of the central problems of the philosophy of science of the XX century. However, the difficulties of the well-known classical and modern criteria of demarcation (including the verificationist and falsificationist criteria) prompted the American philosopher of science L. Laudan to declare «the demise of the demarcation problem». According to Laudan, any satisfactory criterion of demarcation must provide a set of necessary and sufficient conditions, on the basis of which only it will be possible to distinguish between science and non-science. Meanwhile, based on the heterogeneity of the forms of scientific knowledge and long unsuccessful attempts to give a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for what determines science, Laudan concluded that attempts to find the criterion of demarcation are futile. However, as further investigations have showed, Laudan may have been hasty in his conclusions. In particular, one of the promising approaches to the solution of the demarcation problem may be associated with the idea of family resemblance popularized by L. Wittgenstein and the application of developments from the field of fuzzy logic.

scholarly journals Personal Identity and Science

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (39) ◽  
pp. 191-220
Author(s):  
Mariana Córdoba ◽  
María Marta Quintana
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Science ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Scientific Knowledge ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Thought Experiments ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Philosophical Problem ◽  
Genetic Approach ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Pluralistic Perspective

The philosophical problem of personal identity –the issue of finding the necessary and sufficient conditions for a past or future being to be a certain present being– has been treated by analytical metaphysics mostly. In this framework, plenty of references to thought experiments can be found, but they exhibit no connection to practical problems and scientific outcomes. Our purpose is to involve philosophy of science in that debate, since a genetic approach regarding identity can be considered supported by contemporary scientific knowledge. In order to do that, we will focus on the Argentinian case of the approximately 500 children who were appropriated during the most recent dictatorship (1976-1983). The appropriations deprived them, precisely, of their identities, but some of them managed to be recovered thanks to Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo (apm) and genetics. Our final purpose is to argue that a pluralistic perspective in philosophy of science, according to which values contribute to the very constitution of ontology science aims to describe and explain, will allow us to defend apm strategy but reject, at the same time, a reductive conception of identity.  

On the Ordering Property and Law of Importation in Fuzzy Logic

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-30
Author(s):  
Huiwen Deng ◽  
Huan Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Sufficient Condition ◽  
Fuzzy Implications ◽  
Fuzzy Implication ◽  
The Law ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Triple I Method

In this paper, the authors investigate the ordering property (OP), , together with the general form of the law of importation(LI), i.e., , whereis a t-norm andis a fuzzy implication for the four main classes of fuzzy implications. The authors give necessary and sufficient conditions under which both (OP) and (LI) holds for S-, R-implications and some specific families of QL-, D-implications. Following this, the paper proposes the sufficient condition under which the equivalence between CRI and triple I method for FMP can be established. Moreover, this conclusion can be viewed as a unified triple I method, a generalized form of the known results proposed by Wang and Pei.

Some Problems with Virtue Theory

Philosophy ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Everitt
Keyword(s):  
Virtue Ethics ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Family Resemblance ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Virtue Theory ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

Virtue ethics (VE for short) is currently so widely embraced that different versions of the theory can now be distinguished. Some of these are mapped out in Statman's useful introduction to his collection. There are enough of these versions to constitute a family, and consequently what they share is a family resemblance rather than agreement to a defining set of necessary and sufficient conditions. What I propose to do, therefore, is to criticise one of the main versions of VE. Rosalind Hursthouse is the main proponent of the version which I will criticise. I choose her as a spokesperson, not because her version of VE is especially weak. On the contrary, it is because she is one of the leading protagonists of VE, and because her writings provide a lucid, powerful and elegant exposition of VE that her version of the theory is an appropriate object of scrutiny.

The extinction time of a general birth and death process with catastrophes

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Laplace transform of the extinction time is determined for a general birth and death process with arbitrary catastrophe rate and catastrophe size distribution. It is assumed only that the birth rates satisfyλ0= 0,λj> 0 for eachj> 0, and. Necessary and sufficient conditions for certain extinction of the population are derived. The results are applied to the linear birth and death process (λj=jλ, µj=jμ) with catastrophes of several different types.

Nonlinear boundary-value problems for degenerate differential-algebraic systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-324
Author(s):  
Sergii Chuiko ◽  
Ol'ga Nesmelova
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Value Problem ◽  
Boundary Value Problems ◽  
Algebraic System ◽  
Boundary Value ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Weakly Nonlinear ◽  
Differential Algebraic System ◽  
Linear Differential ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The study of the differential-algebraic boundary value problems, traditional for the Kiev school of nonlinear oscillations, founded by academicians M.M. Krylov, M.M. Bogolyubov, Yu.A. Mitropolsky and A.M. Samoilenko. It was founded in the 19th century in the works of G. Kirchhoff and K. Weierstrass and developed in the 20th century by M.M. Luzin, F.R. Gantmacher, A.M. Tikhonov, A. Rutkas, Yu.D. Shlapac, S.L. Campbell, L.R. Petzold, Yu.E. Boyarintsev, V.F. Chistyakov, A.M. Samoilenko, O.A. Boichuk, V.P. Yacovets, C.W. Gear and others. In the works of S.L. Campbell, L.R. Petzold, Yu.E. Boyarintsev, V.F. Chistyakov, A.M. Samoilenko and V.P. Yakovets were obtained sufficient conditions for the reducibility of the linear differential-algebraic system to the central canonical form and the structure of the general solution of the degenerate linear system was obtained. Assuming that the conditions for the reducibility of the linear differential-algebraic system to the central canonical form were satisfied, O.A.~Boichuk obtained the necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the linear Noetherian differential-algebraic boundary value problem and constructed a generalized Green operator of this problem. Based on this, later O.A. Boichuk and O.O. Pokutnyi obtained the necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the weakly nonlinear differential algebraic boundary value problem, the linear part of which is a Noetherian differential algebraic boundary value problem. Thus, out of the scope of the research, the cases of dependence of the desired solution on an arbitrary continuous function were left, which are typical for the linear differential-algebraic system. Our article is devoted to the study of just such a case. The article uses the original necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the linear Noetherian differential-algebraic boundary value problem and the construction of the generalized Green operator of this problem, constructed by S.M. Chuiko. Based on this, necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the weakly nonlinear differential-algebraic boundary value problem were obtained. A typical feature of the obtained necessary and sufficient conditions for the solvability of the linear and weakly nonlinear differential-algebraic boundary-value problem is its dependence on the means of fixing of the arbitrary continuous function. An improved classification and a convergent iterative scheme for finding approximations to the solutions of weakly nonlinear differential algebraic boundary value problems was constructed in the article.

On the domain of Riesz mean in the space Ls

Filomat ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Medine Yeşilkayagil ◽  
Feyzi Başar
Keyword(s):  
Banach Space ◽  
Sequence Space ◽  
Double Sequence ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Double Sequences ◽  
Riesz Mean ◽  
Double Sequence Space ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Barrelled Space

Let 0 < s < ?. In this study, we introduce the double sequence space Rqt(Ls) as the domain of four dimensional Riesz mean Rqt in the space Ls of absolutely s-summable double sequences. Furthermore, we show that Rqt(Ls) is a Banach space and a barrelled space for 1 ? s < 1 and is not a barrelled space for 0 < s < 1. We determine the ?- and ?(?)-duals of the space Ls for 0 < s ? 1 and ?(bp)-dual of the space Rqt(Ls) for 1 < s < 1, where ? ? {p, bp, r}. Finally, we characterize the classes (Ls:Mu), (Ls:Cbp), (Rqt(Ls) : Mu) and (Rqt(Ls):Cbp) of four dimensional matrices in the cases both 0 < s < 1 and 1 ? s < 1 together with corollaries some of them give the necessary and sufficient conditions on a four dimensional matrix in order to transform a Riesz double sequence space into another Riesz double sequence space.

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