PLACE AND ROLE OF COMPETENT INFORMATION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

VUCA world (Volatility, Uncertainty, Complexity, Ambiguity), according to experts of JRC (European Commission's Joint Research Centre), is now a special space that corrupts the integrity of science activity, limits thinking and vision of the situation by politicians. In fact, under such conditions, the only reliable resource for scientific organizations is a commercialization, and the payback is a condition of activity. These factors already pose a threat to global security. The mission orientation proposed by European Union experts is still seen as a rather weak alternative.

NEOLIBERAL SOCIETY OF POSTMODERNITY, POST-TRUTH AND POST-HUMANISM IN THE MIRROR OF THE PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE XX CENTURY AND THE METHODOLOGY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF THE XXI CENTURY

The review establishes that the philosophy of science of the second half of the XX century contains an accurate image of the society that was formed in the first 15 years of the XXI century thanks to digital communication technologies. Based on the analysis of modern research in the field of social sciences, it is shown that this global, postmodern, neoliberal society of post-truth and post-humanism created by digital communication technologies caused a corresponding radical restructuring of the social sciences.

THE PROBLEM OF DEMARCATION OF SCIENCE AND PSEUDOSCIENCE AND THE IDEA OF FAMILY RESEMBLANCE

The problem of characterization scientific knowledge and its difference from other forms of activity has been discussed since antiquity. Nevertheless, in its modern guise, the problem of demarcation of science and non-science appeared in the works of logical positivists and their critic K. Popper. Thanks to their efforts, this problem has become one of the central problems of the philosophy of science of the XX century. However, the difficulties of the well-known classical and modern criteria of demarcation (including the verificationist and falsificationist criteria) prompted the American philosopher of science L. Laudan to declare «the demise of the demarcation problem». According to Laudan, any satisfactory criterion of demarcation must provide a set of necessary and sufficient conditions, on the basis of which only it will be possible to distinguish between science and non-science. Meanwhile, based on the heterogeneity of the forms of scientific knowledge and long unsuccessful attempts to give a set of necessary and sufficient conditions for what determines science, Laudan concluded that attempts to find the criterion of demarcation are futile. However, as further investigations have showed, Laudan may have been hasty in his conclusions. In particular, one of the promising approaches to the solution of the demarcation problem may be associated with the idea of family resemblance popularized by L. Wittgenstein and the application of developments from the field of fuzzy logic.

COGNITIVE TURN IN SOCIETY AND SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

The review analyzes a new cognitive trend in the social sciences and humanities. It is argued that digital communication technologies, which have formed a global information society with an unprecedented level of social self-organization, have created a public demand for a broad democratization of knowledge. It is shown that in response to this demand, social and human sciences are forced to adjust their theoretical, methodological and methodical tools accordingly.

BIOECONOMY AS A RESEARCH ENTERPRISE. (ANALYTICAL REVIEW)

The review provides a description of the bioeconomics from the point of view of experts of the committees of the NAS, USA, accompanied by up-to-date information on the state of affairs in this area. The review suggests that, despite differences in national attributes, bioeconomics concept develops from the national science enterprise model to the global research space model.

ACTUAL TRENDS AND TASKS OF SCIENCE MANAGEMENT. (ANALYTICAL REVIEW)

The review presents such conceptual developments as postmodernism and political technology approaches of the Club of Rome (RC). They are updated in response to uncertainty and expectations of a new post-pandemic order. The authors of the report «Come on!» 2018 strongly criticize modern capitalism and financial speculation, and besides promote the project of «New Enlightenment». In 2020, experts of the RC highly appreciated the potential of the Scandinavian people's Assembly «Nordic Bildung» as a model of self-organization. The joint work of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the National academies of the United States, as well as the development strategy of the State corporation Rosatom, are other examples of actions aimed at forming a «United humanity» in certain aspects.

KOCH C. THE FEELING OF LIFE ITSELF : WHY CONSCIOUSNESS IS WIDESPREAD, BUT CAN’T BE COMPUTED. - CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS: L., ENGLAND : THE MIT PRESS, 2019. - 280 P

In his new book «The Feeling of Life Itself: Why Consciousness Is Widespread, But Can’t Be Computed» C. Koch develops the account of the phenomenon of consciousness from the standpoint of the theory of integrated information proposed by the Italian neuroscientist G. Tononi. The starting point of this theory is the attempt to single out the most important properties of the consciousness itself and, on this basis, to determine what kind of physical systems are capable of having experience. According to the proponents of the theory of integrated information, the key properties of experience include its intrinsic existence, its composition, information, integration, and exclusion. From the statements describing the properties of consciousness, called axioms, the theory derives the statements about the properties of the physical substrate of experience, which are called postulates. The theory of integrated information claims to develop a conceptual apparatus for an exact quantitative assessment of the level of possible experience in any system. This theory formulates several interesting predictions, including the possibility of merging many individual experiences into a single experience, if with the help of some future technology an information bridge is established between the substrates that implement them, and also that consciousness cannot be obtained as a result of simulation on a digital computer.