scholarly journals Late Pleistocene plant macrofossils from the Thimi Formation (Madhyapur Thimi section) of the Kathmandu Valley, central Nepal

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudarshan Bhandari ◽  
Khum N. Paudayal ◽  
Arata Momohara
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Plant Macrofossils ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Thick Section ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
The Common ◽  
Warm Temperate ◽  
Climatic Elements

The Late Pleistocene plant macrofossils from the Thimi Formation of the Kathmandu Valley have been reported in this paper. On the basis of 71 taxa from 39 families, seven plant macrofossil assemblages T-1 to T-7 were described from 18.5 m thick section of the Thimi Formation exposed at Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur. Pinus, Abies, Tsuga, Carpinus, Sambucus, Rubus, Eurya, Potentilla and Scirpus are the common elements in the Thimi Formation. It is found that the cool temperate elements (Abies, Pinus, Tsuga, Picea, Taxus) were dominated over warm climatic elements (Quercus, Eurya, Pyracantha, etc.) during the deposition of the Thimi Formation. The underlying Gokarna Formation exhibited subtropical to warm temperate vegetation with the dominance of subtropical elements such as Eurya, Ficus, Zizyphus, etc. over temperate elements like Betula, Tsuga and Abies. During the depositional period of the Thimi Formation, this subtropical to warm temperate type of vegetation shifted to warm to cold temperate type with the abundant presence of gymnosperms and other evergreen taxa.

scholarly journals Late Pleistocene plant macro-fossils from the Gokarna Formation of the Kathmandu Valley, Central Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 75-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudarshan Bhandari ◽  
Arata Momohara ◽  
Khum N Paudayal
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fine Sand ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Silty Sand ◽  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Temperate Climate ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
The Common ◽  
Warm Temperate

The Kathmandu Valley offers the best archive to study the Late Pleistocene climate in Nepal. The Gokarna Formation, constituting the middle part of the sedimentary sequence of the Kathmandu Valley comprises alternating layers of carbonaceous clay, silt, massive to parallel and large scale cross stratified, fine to coarse grained sands and occasional gravel layers, deposited at fluvio-deltaic and lacustrine environment. The organic rich layers of clay, silt, silty-sand and micaceous fine sand consists of abundant plant macro-fossils (fruit, seed and leaves). Plant macrofossils assemblage from the Gokarna Formation (thickness 28.5 m, Dhapasi section) in the northern part of the valley consists of 56 taxa from 35 families. Depending upon the available plant, seven macrofossil assemblages, DS-I to DS-VII in ascending order were established. The common tree and shrubs discovered from this section were Eurya, Ficus, Carpinus, Quercus, Alnus, Rubus, Pyracantha, Zizyphus, Carpinus, Boehmeria etc. Carex, Scirpus triqueter, Scirpus, Polygonum, Euphorbia, Oxalis, Mosla, Viola etc. were the common herbaceous taxa. The constant occurrence of subtropical and warm temperate taxa including Eurya, Ficus, Pyracantha and Zizyphus indicated that subtropical and warm temperate climate continued during the deposition of those macrofossil assemblages. However change in the constituents of those taxa and occurrence of taxa indicating cooler climatic condition like conifers and Betula may indicate minor fluctuation of climate during the deposition of the Gokarna Formation.   doi: 10.3126/bdg.v12i0.2252 Bulletin of the Department of Geology, Vol. 12, 2009, pp. 75-88

California Condor Associated with Spruce-Jack Pine Woodland in the Late Pleistocene of New York

1987 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 415-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Steadman ◽  
Norton G. Miller
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Plant Macrofossils ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Western North America ◽  
Large Mammals ◽  
California Condor ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Gymnogyps Californianus ◽  
Warm Temperate

AbstractA humerus, coracoid, and pedal phalanx of the California Condor, Gymnogyps californianus, were recovered from the Hiscock Site in western New York, in an inorganic stratum containing wood that is 11,000 radiocarbon years old. Associated vertebrates include mastodont, wapiti, and caribou. Pollen and plant macrofossils from the sediments indicate a spruce-jack pine woodland and a local, herb-dominated wetland community. Historic records (all from western North America) and previous late Pleistocene fossils of the California Condor are associated mainly with warm-temperate climates and floras. The New York fossils show that this bird was able to live in a colder climate and in a boreal, coniferous setting at a time when appropriate food (large mammal carrion) was available. The California Condor, which survives only in captivity, has suffered a greater reduction in geographical range than previously suspected. Much of this reduction in range probably occurred ca. 11,000 yr B.P. when the extinction many North American large mammals resulted in severely reduced availability of food for the California Condor and other large scavenging birds.

Key Periods in the Evolution of the Flora and Vegetation in Western Tasmania .I. The Early-Middle Pleistocene

1993 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 673 ◽  
Author(s):  
MK MacPhail ◽  
GJ Jordan ◽  
RS Hill
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Plant Macrofossils ◽  
Middle Pleistocene ◽  
High Latitudes ◽  
Spores And Pollen ◽  
Modern Pollen ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cool Temperate ◽  
Alpine Habitats ◽  
Warm Temperate

The relatively simple flora and structure of Nothofagus cunninghamii cool temperate rainforest in Tasmania is widely accepted to be the result of repeated glaciation during the Pleistocene. Plant macrofossils, spores and pollen preserved at Regatta Point, western Tasmania, indicate that several gymnosperms and subcanopy angiosperms with warm temperate affinities had survived one to several episodes of cold, possibly glacial climates, before becoming extinct in the early to middle Pleistocene: Callitris/Actinostrobus, Dacrycarpus, Austromyrtus, Eucalyptus spathulata-type, Haloragodendron-type, Loranthaceae, Quintinia and Symplocos. These co-existed in Nothofagus-Lagarostroboss franklinii rainforest with a number of taxa that are now restricted to upper subalpine-alpine habitats in Tasmania, such as Astelia, Gunnera and Microcachrys. The community is difficult to interpret in terms of modem species and we propose that either extinct taxa are being concealed by essentially modern pollen morphologies, that ecological preferences have altered since the early-middle Pleistocene, or both. Patterns of extinctions in Tasmania (and New Zealand) suggest that Pleistocene climatic change at middle-high latitudes presented an environmental stress not previously experienced during the Cenozoic, perhaps through widespread periglacial conditions, but also provided ecological and evolutionary opportunities for rainforest species tolerant of a wide range of conditions experienced during the late Pleistocene.

scholarly journals Palynological assemblages from the Late Pleistocene sediments of the Patan Formation in Kathmandu Valley and their climatic implications

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 59-66
Author(s):  
Khum Narayan Paudayal
Keyword(s):  
Late Pleistocene ◽  
Middle Part ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Pollen Assemblage ◽  
Surface Samples ◽  
Palynological Assemblages ◽  
Fossil Assemblages ◽  
Pinus Spp ◽  
Warm Temperate

Palynological investigation of ten samples obtained from a drill core belonging to the Late Pleistocene deposits of the PatanFormation in the Kathmandu Valley revealed 40 plant species belonging to 22 families. The gymnosperms are represented byAbies, Picea, Pinus spp. (P. roxburghii and P. wallichiana) and Tsuga sp. The angiosperm tree and shrubs are represented bygenera Quercus (Q. semecarpifolia, Q. lanata, Q. leucotricophora and Q. lamellosa and Q. glauca), Castanopsis, Alnus, Betula,Carpinus, Juglans, Myrica, Ulmus, Ilex, Strobilanthes, Elaeagnus and families Meliaceae, Oleaceae, Ericaceae, Poaceae,Compositae, Caryophyllaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Apiaceae, and Dipsacaceae. Similarly the wetland and aquatic plants arerepresented by Polygonun, Myriophyllum and Trapa. The presence of significant number of pteridophytes indicates humid anddamp environment at the periphery of the lake and surrounding forest floor. The pollen assemblage suggests that the PatanFormation was deposited under humid subtropical climate except at the middle part which indicates of warm temperate climaticcondition. The result obtained from the recent surface samples analysis and its comparison with fossil assemblages show thatmodern pollen spectra are not different with the fossil assemblages. This justifies that the fossil palynomorphs are local and itdenies the influence of exotic pollen.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bdg.v14i0.5440Bulletin of the Department of Geology Vol.14 2011, pp.59-66 

scholarly journals Late Quaternary plant macrofossil assemblages from the Besigaon section of the Gokarna Formation, Kathmandu Valley, central Nepal

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Khum Narayan Paudyal ◽  
Sudarshan Bhandari ◽  
Arata Momohara
Keyword(s):  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Quaternary Sediments ◽  
Humid Climate ◽  
Plant Macrofossil ◽  
Lacustrine Deposits ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Nymphoides Indica ◽  
Warm Temperate

Plant macrofossil investigation was carried out on the Late Quaternary sediments of the Kathmandu Valley, central Nepal. The fluvial-deltaic to fluvio-lacustrine deposits of the Kathmandu Basin are found to be rich in plant macrofossil assemblages. A total of 66tax.a from 38 families were identified to genus and some of them up to species level from five different macrofossil bearing layers (BG- I Lo BG-5) from the 33 m thick Besigaon section belonging to the Gokarna Formation exposed at the northern part of the basin. The lower half of the exposed section is completely devoid of macrofossil horizons, however the upper half yielded a significant amount which could be used for climatic interpretation. The characteristic feature of the Besigaon section is the dominance of angiosperms in the lower and middle horizons (BG-I, BG-2, BG-3) but gymnosperms in the upper horizons (BG-4, BG-5). The dominance of angiosperms such as Carpinus, Alnus, Pyracantha, Quercus subgen. Cyclobalanopsis, Eurya and Zizyphus suggest the deposition of the lower and middle horizons in warm temperate climatic condition. The humid phase is documented during deposition of the BG-3 and BG-4 horizons with the findings of Selaginella remotifolia and wetland aquatic taxa such Carex, Schoenoplectus, Nymphoides indica. In contrast, the upper horizons dominated by gymnosperms such as Abies, Pinus, Picea  smithiana, Tsuga  dumosa  and Taxus  wallichiana  represent  cold and humid climate. The macrofossils from Besigaon section suggest minor fluctuation in climate from wam1to cold temperate phase with increasing humidity during the Late Pleistocene.

The common elements of sex and aggression as reflected in humor preferences

1974 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank J. Prerost ◽  
Robert E. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Common Elements ◽  
The Common

Negotiations over Accounting Issues: The Congruency of Audit Partner and Chief Financial Officer Recalls

2005 ◽  
Vol 24 (s-1) ◽  
pp. 171-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Gibbins ◽  
Susan A. McCracken ◽  
Steven E. Salterio
Keyword(s):  
Negotiation Process ◽  
Chief Financial Officers ◽  
Chief Financial Officer ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Contextual Features ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Common ◽  
High Level ◽  
Two Sides

Much of what takes place in auditor-client management negotiations occurs in unobservable settings and normally does not result in publicly available archival records. Recent research has increasingly attempted to probe issues relating to accounting negotiations in part due to recent events in the financial world. In this paper, we compare recalls from the two sides of such negotiations, audit partners, and chief financial officers (CFOs), collected in two field questionnaires. We examine the congruency of the auditors' and the CFOs' negotiation recalls for all negotiation elements and features that were common across the two questionnaires (detailed analyses of the questionnaires are reported elsewhere). The results show largely congruent recall: only limited divergences in recall of common elements and features. Specifically, we show a high level of congruency across CFOs and audit partners in the type of issues negotiated, parties involved in resolving the issue, and the elements making up the negotiation process, including agreement on the relative importance of various common accounting contextual features. The analysis of the common accounting contextual features suggests that certain contextual features are consistently important across large numbers of negotiations, whether viewed from the audit partner's or the CFO's perspective, and hence may warrant future study. Finally, the comparative analysis allows us to identify certain common elements and contextual features that may influence both audit partners and CFOs to consider the accounting negotiation setting as mainly distributive (win-lose).

scholarly journals Identifying and measuring the common elements of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions for autism spectrum disorder: Development of the NDBI-Fi

Autism ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 2285-2297
Author(s):  
Kyle M Frost ◽  
Jessica Brian ◽  
Grace W Gengoux ◽  
Antonio Hardan ◽  
Sarah R Rieth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Behavioral Intervention ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Intervention Science ◽  
Intervention Models ◽  
The Common ◽  
Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention

Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder share key elements. However, the extent of similarity and overlap in techniques among naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention models has not been quantified, and there is no standardized measure for assessing the implementation of their common elements. This article presents a multi-stage process which began with the development of a taxonomy of elements of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions. Next, intervention experts identified the common elements of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions using quantitative methods. An observational rating scheme of those common elements, the eight-item NDBI-Fi, was developed. Finally, preliminary analyses of the reliability and the validity of the NDBI-Fi were conducted using archival data from randomized controlled trials of caregiver-implemented naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions, including 87 post-intervention caregiver–child interaction videos from five sites, as well as 29 pre–post video pairs from two sites. Evaluation of the eight-item NDBI-Fi measure revealed promising psychometric properties, including evidence supporting adequate reliability, sensitivity to change, as well as concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity. Results lend support to the utility of the NDBI-Fi as a measure of caregiver implementation of common elements across naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention models. With additional validation, this unique measure has the potential to advance intervention science in autism spectrum disorder by providing a tool which cuts across a class of evidence-based interventions. Lay abstract Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions for young children with autism spectrum disorder share key elements. However, the extent of similarity between programs within this class of evidence-based interventions is unknown. There is also currently no tool that can be used to measure the implementation of their common elements. This article presents a multi-stage process which began with defining all intervention elements of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions. Next, intervention experts identified the common elements of naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions using a survey. An observational rating scheme of those common elements, the eight-item NDBI-Fi, was developed. We evaluated the quality of the NDBI-Fi using videos from completed trials of caregiver-implemented naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions. Results showed that the NDBI-Fi measure has promise; it was sensitive to change, related to other similar measures, and demonstrated adequate agreement between raters. This unique measure has the potential to advance intervention science in autism spectrum disorder by providing a tool to measure the implementation of common elements across naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention models. Given that naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions have numerous shared strategies, this may ease clinicians’ uncertainty about choosing the “right” intervention package. It also suggests that there may not be a need for extensive training in more than one naturalistic developmental behavioral intervention. Future research should determine whether these common elements are part of other treatment approaches to better understand the quality of services children and families receive as part of usual care.

Classifying precontractual liability: a comparative analysis

Legal Studies ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 153-191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joachim Dietrich
Keyword(s):  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Tort Law ◽  
Contract Law ◽  
Common Elements ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Unjust Enrichment ◽  
The Common ◽  
Initial Focus

The common law has solved questions of liability arising in the context of precontractual negotiations by resort to a range of different doctrines and approaches, adopting in effect ‘piecemeal’ solutions to questions of precontractual liability. Consequently, debate has arisen as to how best to classify or categorise claims for precontractual work and as to which doctrines are best suited to solving problems arising from anticipated contracts. The purpose of this article is to consider this question of how best to classify (cases of) precontractual liability. The initial focus will be on the ongoing debate as to whether principles of contract law or principles of unjust enrichment can better solve problems of precontractual liability. I will be suggesting that unjust enrichment theory offers little by way of explanation of cases of precontractual liability and, indeed, draws on principles of contract law in determining questions of liability for precontractual services rendered, though it does so by formulating those principles under different guises. Irrespective, however, of the doctrines utilised by the common law to impose liability, it is possible to identify a number of common elements unifying all cases of precontractual liability. In identifying such common elements of liability, it is necessary to draw on principles of both contract and tort law. How, then, should cases of precontractual liability best be classified? A consideration of the issue of classification of precontractual liability from a perspective of German civil law will demonstrate that a better understanding of cases of precontractual liability will be gained by classifying such cases as lying between the existing categories of contract and tort.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document