Analysis of the energy balance and CO2 flow under the influence of the seasonality of climatic elements in a mangrove ecosystem in Eastern Amazon

An unprecedented study was carried out in a mangrove ecosystem in the northeastern coast of the Brazilian Amazon to understand the behavior of climatic elements in a year with the occurrence of El Niño (2015), associated with the seasonal function source/sink of CO2 by the ecosystem. Global radiation (Rg), net radiation (Rn), temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, horizontal wind speed and direction, as well as turbulent flows of sensible heat (H), latent heat (LE), and carbon (f_CO2) were recorded using eddy covariance, a system for studying turbulent flows of heat and gases in the atmosphere. We observed a drastic reduction in rainfall volumes, which accounts for 63.7% of the expected total according to the region’s climatology. Regarding f_ CO2, the highest values of photosynthesis, autotrophic, and heterotrophic respiration of the ecosystem occurred in the wet season due to precipitation, ideal photosynthetically active radiation, lower soil salinity, and higher NDVI of the ecosystem. In the 2nd semester of the year, we observed that the decrease in cloudiness, causing a higher radiation supply in the forest canopy, accompanied by a reduction in precipitation and an increase in the value of H and soil salinity, favored the increase of foliar abscission by the dominant genus Rhizophora and Avicennia, thus influencing the reduction of magnitudes of carbon source/sink functions in the ecosystem during this season, even on high tide days.

Variation In Frequency And Share of Duration of Rainy Days In Iran’s Precipitation

In any region, climate change can be manifested in the form of various characteristics of climatic elements. To investigate the possible precipitation variations, as a sign of climate change in Iran, in the present study, the frequency of duration of rainy days was examined as a precipitation characteristic. To this end, gridded data of precipitation were used for the period of 1971-2016, and days with the precipitation of more than 1 mm were considered as rainy days. Considering the frequency of the rainy days, it was revealed that during the study period, one to thirty six-day duration of precipitation occurred in the country. One-day duration had the highest frequencies and covered the vastest area, while thirty six-day duration had the lowest frequencies and covered the smallest area. Accordingly, the one-day duration played the most significant role in annual precipitation. The share of these types of rainfalls in the low-precipitation parts of the country was more than 80% and in some areas. The findings also revealed that there was an increasing frequency of short-term, especially two-day duration, in large parts of the country, and a decrease in the long-term duration. The results showed that latitude and longitude, respectively, had the most significant impact on the frequency distribution of the duration of rainy days. Latitude had a direct effect (except in terms of the share of one-day duration of annual precipitation) and longitude had an inverse effect (except in the share of one-day duration of annual precipitation).

Crop Microclimate Modification to Address Climate Change

Climate-related agricultural vulnerabilities, as well as their implications for food security and farm livelihoods, have been extensively documented. Extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, heat and cold waves, hailstorms, strong winds, cyclones, and other weather events have increased the exposures of agriculture to climate risk. These processes are hampered by a lack of appropriate climatic elements, resulting in an unfavourable drop in crop productivity. Increased frequency and intensity of droughts and floods, as well as erratic precipitation patterns are predicted to increase year-to-year yield variability in crop production. Microclimate, which refers to the climatic elements in the immediate vicinity of the plants, is critical because it regulates and affects the physiological reactions of the plants as well as the energy exchange activities between the plant and its surroundings. Implementation of such microclimatic modifications in crop production are required to manage extreme weather risks and boost crop output in order to increase food security and agricultural sustainability in this changing climate. The goal of this paper is to improve crop production and land productivity by modifying microclimate as a manifestation of the efficiency and effectiveness of growth factor utilisation. Keywords: Agriculture's vulnerability, Crop productivity, Climate change, Microclimatic modifications.

Climatic Anomalies and Glacial Dynamics in the Himalayan Region Northern Pakistan: A Spatio-Statistical Approach

Glaciers are always climate-sensitive and affected by minor changes in temperature and other climatic elements. Past studies on the northern mountain ranges of Pakistan reveal changes in climatic patterns in and around these ranges. In this study, an attempt is made to explore and assess the temporal and spatial fluctuations occurring in the ice cover of the Himalayan Region of Pakistan as a result of changes in climatic pattern. Satellite imageries and meteorological data were used to explore the dynamics of both the ice cover and climatic elements. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System were used to detect changes in snow cover both spatially and temporally. Various statistical techniques, mainly Mann Kendall Trend Test and Sen’s Slope Estimator, were used to analyze the temporal trend of climatic elements. Moreover, correlation and regression analysis were applied to establish the relationship between climate and ice cover. Analysis of the data reveals that the temporal trend in ice cover is not monotonic as there is glacial advancement in certain years while retreating in others. Moreover, it was found out that climatic elements such as temperature and precipitation have recorded changes during the past few decades.

Effect of climatic and non-climatic factors on fishing activities in Lake Victoria, Kisumu County, Kenya

Akoth AJ, Mahiri OS, Obiero K. 2019. Influence of climatic and non-climatic factors on fishing activities in Lake Victoria, Kisumu County, Kenya. Intl J Bonorowo Wetlands 11: 7-17. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of climatic factors like dry spells, rainfall, and wind strength, as well as non-climatic factors like overfishing, water hyacinth, and predators on fishing activities on the shores of Lake Victoria in Kisumu County. The research used a descriptive survey design. The study area comprised thirty-two beaches, of which eight were chosen to represent Kisumu County as a whole. The eight beaches were sampled using a systematic sampling technique. The data was collected using a sample size of 362 respondents. Fish landing data over the past ten years was collected at the beaches and at the Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KEMFRI), while climate data was received from the Kisumu Airport Regional Meteorological Department. Primary data was collected from the beaches using questionnaires and interviews, whereas secondary data was collected from KEMFRI using document analysis guidance, books, and publications. The results were processed and analyzed with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) application, which assisted in the calculation of frequencies, means, and percentages. The study discovered a linkage between climatic factors and fishing activity. Climatic factors and fishing activities have a substantial relationship, according to the study. The amount of rainfall had an effect on fish captures, albeit the effect differed by fish species; Orechromis (r =.260), Lates niloticus (r =.130), and Protopterus (r =.184) had positive correlations with rainfall, whereas Rastrinoebola argentea and Claras gariepinus had negative correlations. Overall, the findings showed a positive correlation coefficient (r =.079) between rainfall and total fish catch. Fish numbers in the lake have decreased due to a dry season accompanied by high temperatures. Strong wind had a negative impact on fishing activities, whereas mild to moderate wind favored fish catch. Non-climatic factors had a significant detrimental impact on fishing activity in Lake Victoria, according to the study. The researcher came to the following conclusions based on the findings: there was a relationship between climatic elements and fishing activities; non-climatic factors primarily influenced fishing activities negatively; however, fishermen implemented mitigation strategies to help address non-climatic factors. Policymakers should regulate fish harvesting as dictated by climatic and weather variations, assess the impact of non-climatic elements in fish production and recommend appropriate mitigation measures, and finally, regulations should be enhanced to save endangered fish species from extinction, according to the findings.

The effect of climate change on depression in urban areas of western Iran

Objective Human is accustomed to climatic conditions of the environment where they are born and live throughout their lifetime. The aim of this study is to examine mood swings and depression caused by sudden climate changes that have not yet given the humans a chance to adapt. Results Our results showed that depression could be affected by climate change and as a result, the behavior of climatic elements and trends has damaged mental health in the western regions of Iran. By investigating the trends and changes of climatic time series and their relationship with the rate of depression in urban areas of western Iran, it can be said that climate change is probably a mental health challenge for urban populations. Climate change is an important and worrying issue that makes the life difficult. Rapid climate changes in western Iran including rising air temperature, changes in precipitation, its regime, changes cloudiness and the amount of sunlight have a negative effects on health. The results showed that type of increasing or decreasing trend, as well as different climatic elements in various seasons did not have the same effect on the rate of depression in the studied areas.