scholarly journals Effects of Cold Stimulation Induced Pain on Cardiopulmonary Parameters: A Gender Based Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
R.K. Jha ◽  
S. Amatya
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Respiratory Rate ◽  
Acute Pain ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Cold Stimulation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Pressor Test

Background Cold pressor induced pain elicits sympathetic responses which can be monitored by measuring blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate after exposure to the cold stress. Objective This study was done to evaluate gender difference in acute pain induced by cold pressor test on blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate of healthy individuals. Method Our study was cross sectional study with the sample size of 40 including 20 male and 20 female undergraduates. Acute pain was induced by immersion of hand in cold water at 4°C. Changes in blood pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate were recorded by the digital sphygmomanometer and AD Instruments (Model: ML856, Serial: T26-4025) and analysis was done by Lab Chart 7 Pro v 7.3.3 respectively. Acute pain parameter like pain threshold was also recorded. Statistical analysis was done by using Paired “t” test and non-parametric test. Result The present study enrolled 40 participants, aged between 18 – 24 years, and body mass index from 15.78 – 36.06 kg/m2. The respiratory rate was increased in both males (17.30±3.19 to 19.0±3.21, P=0.01) and females (18.60±1.98 to 19.90±2.82, P= 0.01) however significant increase in heart rate was only found in females (77.80±8.07 to 80.70±7.80, P=0.03) after cold pressor test. The systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure did not increase significantly after cold pressor test. The pain thresholds ranged from 25.2 to 105.8 seconds (61.60±23.26, male Vs. 52.69±18.49, female, p = 0.188). Conclusion Our findings point towards autonomic adjustments suggesting more of sympathetic over activity immediately after cold pressor test.

Variability of the haemodynamic responses to laboratory tests employed in assessment of neural cardiovascular regulation in man

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 533-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gianfranco Parati ◽  
Guido Pomidossi ◽  
Agustin Ramirez ◽  
Bruno Cesana ◽  
Giuseppe Mancia
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Blood Pressure Response ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Cardiovascular Regulation ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Carotid Baroreceptor ◽  
Baroreceptor Stimulation

1. In man evaluation of neural cardiovascular regulation makes use of a variety of tests which address the excitatory and reflex inhibitory neural influences that control circulation. Because interpretation of these tests is largely based on the magnitude of the elicited haemodynamic responses, their reproducibility in any given subject is critical. 2. In 39 subjects with continuous blood pressure (intra-arterial catheter) and heart rate monitoring we measured (i) the blood pressure and heart rate rises during hand-grip and cold-pressor test, (ii) the heart rate changes occurring during baroreceptor stimulation and deactivation by injection of phenylephrine and trinitroglycerine, and (iii) the heart rate and blood pressure changes occurring with alteration in carotid baroreceptor activity by a neck chamber. Each test was carefully standardized and performed at 30 min intervals for a total of six times in each subject. 3. The results showed that the responses to any test were clearly different from one another and that this occurred in all subjects studied. For the group as a whole the average response variability (coefficient of variation) ranged from 10.2% for the blood pressure response to carotid baroreceptor stimulation to 44.2% for the heart rate response to cold-pressor test. The variability of the responses was not related to basal blood pressure or heart rate, nor to the temporal sequence of the test performance. 4. Thus tests employed for studying neural cardiovascular control in man produce responses whose reproducibility is limited. This phenomenon may make it more difficult to define the response magnitude typical of each subject, as well as its comparison in different conditions and diseases.

Effects of the cold pressor test on short-term fluctuations of finger arterial blood pressure and heart rate in normal subjects

1993 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 303-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Weise ◽  
Dominique Laude ◽  
Arlette Girard ◽  
Philippe Zitoun ◽  
Jean-Philippe Siché ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Arterial Blood

scholarly journals Pain catastrophizing in athletes correlates with pain and cardiovascular changes during a painful cold pressor test

10.4085/16-20 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lentini Matylda ◽  
Scalia Joseph ◽  
Berger Lebel Frédérike ◽  
Touma Fadi ◽  
Jhajj Aneet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Heart Rate Variability ◽  
Cardiovascular Response ◽  
Pain Catastrophizing ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Objective Measure ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Cardiovascular Variables

Abstract Context: Athletes are often exposed to pain due to injury and competition. There is preliminary evidence that cardiovascular measures could be an objective measure of pain, but the cardiovascular response can be influenced by psychological factors such as catastrophizing. Objectives: The purpose of our study was to use a painful cold pressor test to measure the relationship between catastrophizing, pain, and cardiovascular variables in athletes. Design: Pre-post test. Setting: We completed all measures in a laboratory setting. Participants: Thirty-six male rugby athletes participated in the study. Main outcome measures: We measured catastrophizing with the Pain Catastrophizing Scale and pain with a Numeric Pain Rating Scale. Cardiovascular measures included heart rate, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate variability. Results: During the cold pressor test, participants experienced a significant increase in pain (0 to 4.1±2.2), systolic blood pressure (126.7±16.5mm Hg to 149.7±23.4mm Hg), diastolic blood pressure (76.9±8.3mm Hg to 91.9±11.5mm Hg) and heart rate variability (from 0.0164ms±0.0121 to 0.0400ms±0.0323) (all p<.001). In addition, there was a significant decrease in heart rate after the cold pressor test (p=0.04). There was a significant correlation between athlete's pain catastrophizing to both pain intensity and change in heart rate during the cold pressor test (p=.017 and p=.003 respectively). A significant linear regression indicated pain and catastrophizing explained 29% of the variance of the change in heart rate (p=.003). Conclusion: Athletes who have catastrophizing thoughts are more likely to experience higher levels of pain and a greater cardiovascular response during a painful stimulus. The change in cardiovascular variables may be a good alternative for an objective measure of pain in athletes in the future.

Effects of oxygen inhalation on cold pressor responses of man

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. MacCanon
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Pulse Rate ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Cold Stimulation ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Bath ◽  
Oxygen Breathing ◽  
Oxygen Inhalation ◽  
Pressor Responses

The effects of oxygen inhalation on blood pressure and pulse rate responses to the cold pressor test were determined in 10 subjects. The results showed that under basal conditions diastolic pressures and pulse rates were significantly (P < 0.001) reduced by oxygen breathing. However, greater increases in systolic (P = 0.05) and diastolic (P < 0.01) pressures and pulse rates (P < 0.01) attended cold stimulation when oxygen was inhaled. One minute after removal of the cold bath, systolic and diastolic pressures remained significantly (P = 0.02, <0.001, respectively) further from basal levels during O2 experiments, although pulse rates had reached control values. Submitted on August 20, 1959

scholarly journals Study of Autonomic Functions in Cigarette Smokers

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 293
Author(s):  
Mohit Malge ◽  
K. Ranjith Babu
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Autonomic Functions ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Hand Grip ◽  
Grip Test

Introduction: Smoking is one of the most ancient and widespread mans activities. The present study was chosen to determine sympathetic and parasympathetic activity in cigarette smokers and compare it with healthy age matched controls in order to find out what influence does smoking have on baroreceptor sympathetic and parasympathetic control mechanisms and to find out for any co-relation between duration of cigarette smoking and autonomic dysfunction.Materials & Methods: Fifty cigarette smokers and fifty normal, healthy, nonsmokers were selected as age matched controls to study autonomic functions. Sympathetic functions were carried out by Cold Pressor Response test and Hand Grip test. Parasympathetic functions were tested by Determination of Heart Rate with change in posture and Sinus Arrhythmia.Results: Smokers revealed more pronounced rise both in systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure as compared to normal healthy controls during cold pressor test. Smokers revealed more pronounced rise in both SBP and DBP as compared to nonsmokers during hand grip test. There was increased heart rate in initial 10 seconds when there is postural change i.e. lying down to standing in both the groups. There was an increase in heart rate during inspiration and decrease during expiration (sinus arrhythmia) both in smokers and healthy controls.Conclusion: Cigarette smoking affects cardiovascular functions as indicated by rise in blood pressure in smokers than nonsmokers reflects the sensitivity of sympathetic activity to nicotine due to smoking. Thus the study concludes that smoking possibly has an effect on neurocardiovascular regulation system altering the sensitivity of ANS activity in habitual smokers.Keywords: Autonomic Function Tests, Smokers, Non-smokers, Cold Pressor Test, Hand Grip Test, Heart Rate.

Elevated Plasma Adrenaline Reflects Sympathetic Overactivity and Enhanced α-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Vasoconstriction in Essential Hypertension

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (s7) ◽  
pp. 161s-164s ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Bolli ◽  
F. W. Amann ◽  
L. Hulthén ◽  
W. Kiowski ◽  
F. R. Bühler
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Forearm Blood Flow ◽  
Cold Pressor Test ◽  
Cold Pressor ◽  
Plasma Adrenaline ◽  
Pressor Test ◽  
Normotensive Subjects

1. Stressful sympathetic stimulation (cold pressor test) was applied to 18 patients with essential hypertension and 15 normotensive subjects. Intra-arterial blood pressure, heart rate, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations as well as forearm blood flow were measured before and during the cold pressor test; tests were repeated after regional postsynaptic α1-adrenoceptor blockade with prazosin. 2. Under basal conditions mean blood pressure (P &lt; 0.001), heart rate (P &lt; 0.01), forearm blood flow (P &lt; 0.001) as well as adrenaline concentration (P &lt; 0.01), but not noradrenaline, was higher in patients with essential hypertension. 3. During the cold pressor test, mean blood pressure, heart rate, plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline concentrations increased and forearm flow decreased (all P &lt; 0.001). 4. Stress-stimulated plasma adrenaline was higher in essential hypertensive patients than in normotensive subjects (P &lt; 0.01). In the former the stress-induced increase in plasma adrenaline correlated with the increase in mean blood pressure (r = 0.514; P &lt; 0.05). 5. Prazosin increased forearm blood flow more in essential hypertension (P &lt; 0.001). This increase correlated with the resting plasma adrenaline in the hypertensive (r = 0.710; P &lt; 0.001), but not in normotensive, subjects. 6. When the cold pressor test was repeated during postsynaptic α1-adrenoceptor blockade forearm blood flow did not decrease; instead it increased further in both groups (P &lt; 0.05). 7. Thus in essential hypertension elevated plasma adrenaline concentration reflects sympathetic overactivity as also expressed by enhanced α-adrenoceptor-mediated vasoconstriction.

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