cold stimulation
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2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Duan ◽  
Feng-Hua Tian ◽  
Lan Yao ◽  
Jian-Hua Lv ◽  
Chuan-Wen Jia ◽  
...  

Abstract In order to explore the molecular mechanism of Sarcomyxa edulis response to lignocelluloses degradation, the developmental transcriptomes was analyzed for six stages covering the whole developmental process, including mycelium growing to half bag (B1), mycelium in cold stimulation after full bag (B2), mycelium in primordia appearing (B3), primordia (B4), mycelium at the harvest stage (B5) and mature fruiting body (B6). A total of 6 samples were used for transcriptome sequencing, with three biological replicates. Based on the above transcriptome data, we constructed a co-expression network of weighted genes associated with extracellular enzyme physiological traits by WGCNA, and obtained 19 gene co-expression modules closely related to lignocelluloses degradation. In addition, a number of key genes involved in lignocelluloses degradation pathways were discovered from the four modules with the highest correlation with target traits. These results provide clues for further study on the molecular genetic mechanisms of Sarcomyxa edulis lignocelluloses degradation.


eLife ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Cao ◽  
Tingting Shi ◽  
Chuanhai Zhang ◽  
Wanzhu Jin ◽  
Lini Song ◽  
...  

Identification of key regulators of energy homeostasis holds important therapeutic promise for metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes. ACE2 cleaves angiotensin II (Ang II) to generate Ang-(1-7) which acts mainly through the Mas1 receptor. Here, we identify ACE2 pathway as a critical regulator in the maintenance of thermogenesis and energy expenditure. We found that ACE2 is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and that cold stimulation increases ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) levels in BAT and serum. Ace2 knockout mice (Ace2-/y) and Mas1 knockout mice (Mas1-/-) displayed impaired thermogenesis. Mice transplanted with brown adipose tissue from Mas1-/- display metabolic abnormalities consistent with those seen in the Ace2 and Mas1 knockout mice. In contrast, impaired thermogenesis of Leprdb/db obese diabetic mice and high-fat diet-induced obese mice were ameliorated by overexpression of Ace2 or continuous infusion of Ang-(1-7). Activation of ACE2 pathway was associated with improvement of metabolic parameters, including blood glucose, lipids and energy expenditure in multiple animal models. Consistently, ACE2 pathway remarkably enhanced the browning of white adipose tissue. Mechanistically, we showed that ACE2 pathway activated Akt/FoxO1 and PKA pathway, leading to induction of UCP1 and activation of mitochondrial function. Our data propose that adaptive thermogenesis requires regulation of ACE2 pathway and highlight novel potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders.


2022 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomonori Sawada ◽  
Hiroki Okawara ◽  
Daisuke Nakashima ◽  
Shuhei Iwabuchi ◽  
Morio Matsumoto ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Technological innovations have allowed the use of miniature apparatus that can easily control and program heat and cold stimulations using Peltier elements. The wearable thermo-device has a potential to be applied to conventional contrast bath therapy. This study aimed to examine the effects of alternating heat and cold stimulation (HC) using a wearable thermo-device on subjective and objective improvement of shoulder stiffness. Methods Twenty healthy young male individuals (20.3 ± 0.6 years) participated in this study. The interventions were randomly conducted under four conditions, including HC, heat stimulation, cold stimulation, and no stimulation on their bilateral trapezius muscle, after a 30-min typing task. Each intervention was administered at least 1 week apart. The analyzed limb was the dominant arm. Muscle hardness was assessed using a portable muscle hardness meter, as well as the skin temperature over the stimulated area. After each condition, the participants were asked for feedback regarding subjective improvement in refreshed feelings, muscle stiffness, and muscle fatigue using an 11-point numerical rating scale. Results With regard to muscle hardness, only the HC condition significantly decreased from 1.43 N to 1.37 N (d = 0.44, p < 0.05). Additionally, reduced muscle hardness in HC condition was associated with the degree of skin cooling during the intervention (cold max: r = 0.634, p < 0.01; cold change: r = −0.548, p < 0.05). Subjective improvement in refreshed feelings, muscle stiffness, and muscle fatigue was determined in the HC and heat stimulation conditions compared with the no stimulation condition (p < 0.01 and p < 0.05, respectively). Moreover, the HC condition showed significantly greater improvements in muscle stiffness and fatigue compared to the cold stimulation condition (p < 0.05). Conclusions The current study demonstrated that HC promoted not only better subjective symptoms, such as muscle stiffness and fatigue, but also lesser muscle hardness. Furthermore, an association was observed between the degree of skin temperature cooling and reduced muscle hardness during HC. Further investigations on the ratio and intensity of cooling should be conducted in the future to establish the optimal HC protocol for muscle stiffness or fatigue. Trial registration UMIN000040620. Registered 1 June 2020


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Romain Bouzigon ◽  
Olivier Dupuy ◽  
Ivo Tiemessen ◽  
Massimo De Nardi ◽  
Jean-Pierre Bernard ◽  
...  

Recovery after exercise is a crucial key in preventing muscle injuries and in speeding up the processes to return to homeostasis level. There are several ways of developing a recovery strategy with the use of different kinds of traditional and up-to-date techniques. The use of cold has traditionally been used after physical exercise for recovery purposes. In recent years, the use of whole-body cryotherapy/cryostimulation (WBC; an extreme cold stimulation lasting 1–4 min and given in a cold room at a temperature comprised from −60 to −195°C) has been tremendously increased for such purposes. However, there are controversies about the benefits that the use of this technique may provide. Therefore, the main objectives of this paper are to describe what is whole body cryotherapy/cryostimulation, review and debate the benefits that its use may provide, present practical considerations and applications, and emphasize the need of customization depending on the context, the purpose, and the subject's characteristics. This review is written by international experts from the working group on WBC from the International Institute of Refrigeration.


2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Betty Ann Bjerkreim ◽  
Sara Salehi Hammerstad ◽  
Hanne Løvdal Gulseth ◽  
Tore Julsrud Berg ◽  
Sindre Lee-Ødegård ◽  
...  

BackgroundThyroid hormones are essential for the full thermogenic response of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and have been implicated in dermal temperature regulation. Nevertheless, persistent cold-intolerance exists among a substantial proportion of hypothyroid patients on adequate levothyroxine (LT4) substitution.Materials and MethodsTo assess if skin temperature and activation of BAT during treatment with liothyronine (LT3) differs from that of LT4 treatment, fifty-nine female hypothyroid patients with residual symptoms on LT4 or LT4/LT3 combination therapy were randomly assigned in a non-blinded crossover study to receive monotherapy with LT4 or LT3 for 12 weeks each. Change in supraclavicular (SCV) skin temperature overlying BAT, and sternal skin temperature not overlying BAT, during rest and cold stimulation were assessed by infrared thermography (IRT). In addition, abundance of exosomal miR-92a, a biomarker of BAT activation, was estimated as a secondary outcome.ResultsCold stimulated skin temperatures decreased less with LT3 vs. LT4 in both SCV (mean 0.009°C/min [95% CI: 0.004, 0.014]; P&lt;0.001) and sternal areas (mean 0.014°C/min [95% CI: 0.008, 0.020]; P&lt;0.001). No difference in serum exosomal miR-92a abundance was observed between the two treatment groupsConclusionLT3 may reduce dermal heat loss. Thermography data suggested increased BAT activation in hypothyroid patients with cold-intolerance. However, this finding was not corroborated by assessment of the microRNA biomarker of BAT activation.Clinical Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT03627611


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohanakrishnan Jagadevan ◽  
Bhanumathy Mohanakrishnan ◽  
Gopisankar Balaji ◽  
Malathi Munisamy ◽  
Salaja Murugesan ◽  
...  

Introduction:Musculoskeletal rehabilitation is one of the frontline domains in physical therapy practice. In most countries, physical therapists prefer independent practice with referrals from general practitioners and orthopedic surgeons. Under these circumstances, the physical therapist may be the first contact professional handling these individuals who may not have adequate medical records with their personal medical history. Cryotherapy for pain relief could be the first choice of pain management opted by a musculoskeletal therapist. That is when both the therapist and the patient have to be aware of the undesirable effects of cryotherapy application and its potential local and systemic complications. The outcome of this paper could be an initiative for a standardized screening process to be incorporated into physical therapy practice. Clinical Findings:A 30-year-old man with left knee pain who underwent exercise therapy in the physiotherapy unit of a tertiary care center developed erythematous rashes around the knee following ice application. It was noted that the patient was not aware of the same in the past. The patient was attended by a dermatologist, and a diagnosis of cold urticaria was made following confirmation with cold stimulation test. Conclusion:From this study, it may be concluded that the awareness of cold-induced urticaria has to be emphasized on both patients and health care professionals. A simple screening protocol should be made mandatory in orthopedic physical therapy practice, which would suffice this purpose. Keywords: Urticaria, cryotherapy, Physical therapy


2021 ◽  
pp. 101492
Author(s):  
Ge Xue ◽  
Jingwen Yin ◽  
Ning Zhao ◽  
Yanhong Liu ◽  
Yajie Fu ◽  
...  

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Cao ◽  
Tingting Shi ◽  
Chuanhai Zhang ◽  
Wanzhu Jin ◽  
Lini Song ◽  
...  

Identification of key regulators of energy homeostasis holds important therapeutic promise for metabolic disorders, such as obesity and diabetes. ACE2 cleaves angiotensin II (Ang II) to generate Ang-(1-7) which acts mainly through the Mas receptor. Here, we identify ACE2 pathway as a critical regulator in the maintenance of thermogenesis and energy expenditure. We found that ACE2 is highly expressed in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and that cold stimulation increases ACE2 and Ang-(1-7) levels in BAT and serum. ACE2 knockout mice (ACE2-/y), Mas knockout mice (Mas-/-), and the mice transplanted with brown adipose tissue from Mas-/- mice displayed impaired thermogenesis. In contrast, impaired thermogenesis of db/db obese diabetic mice and high-fat diet-induced obese mice were ameliorated by overexpression of ACE2 or continuous infusion of Ang-(1-7). Activation of ACE2 pathway was associated with improvement of metabolic parameters, including blood glucose, lipids and energy expenditure in multiple animal models. Consistently, ACE2 pathway remarkably enhanced the browning of white adipose tissue. Mechanistically, we showed that ACE2 pathway activated Akt/FoxO1 and PKA pathway, leading to induction of UCP1 and activation of mitochondrial function. Our data propose that adaptive thermogenesis requires regulation of ACE2 pathway and highlight novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (61) ◽  
pp. eabg9698
Author(s):  
Yuli Lin ◽  
Liuling Xiao ◽  
Qian Cai ◽  
Cuisong Zhu ◽  
Shufen Li ◽  
...  

IL-33–associated type 2 innate immunity has been shown to support beige fat formation and thermogenesis in subcutaneous inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), but little is known about how it is regulated in iWAT. Chemerin, as a newly identified adipokine, is clinically associated with obesity and metabolic disorders. We here show that cold exposure specifically reduces chemerin and its receptor chemerin chemokine-like receptor 1 (CMKLR1) expression in iWAT. Lack of chemerin or adipocytic CMKLR1 enhances cold-induced thermogenic beige fat via potentiating type 2 innate immune responses. Mechanistically, we identify adipocytes, particularly beige adipocytes, as the main source for cold-induced IL-33, which is restricted by the chemerin-CMKLR1 axis via dampening cAMP-PKA signaling, thereby interrupting a feed-forward circuit between beige adipocytes and type 2 innate immunity that is required for cold-induced beige fat and thermogenesis. Moreover, specific deletion of adipocytic IL-33 inhibits cold-induced beige fat and type 2 innate immune responses. Last, genetic blockade of adipocytic CMKLR1 protects against diet-induced obesity and enhances the metabolic benefits of cold stimulation in preestablished obese mice. Thus, our study identifies the chemerin-CMKLR1 axis as a physiological negative regulator of thermogenic beige fat via interrupting adipose-immune communication and suggests targeting adipose CMKLR1 as a potential therapeutic strategy for obesity-related metabolic disorders.


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