Dispositional and situational personal features and acute post-collision head and neck pain: Double mediation of pain catastrophizing and pain sensitivity

Pain variability can be partially attributed to psycho-cognitive features involved in its processing. However, accumulating research suggests that simple linear correlation between situational and dispositional factors may not be sufficiently explanatory, with some positing a role for mediating influences. In addition, acute pain processing studies generally focus on a post-operative model with less attention provided to post-traumatic injury. As such, this study aimed to investigate a more comprehensive pain processing model that included direct and indirect associations between acute pain intensity in the head and neck, pain catastrophizing (using pain catastrophizing scale (PCS)), and pain sensitivity (using the pain sensitivity questionnaire (PSQ)), among 239 patients with post-motor vehicle collision pain. The effect of personality traits (using Ten Items Personality Inventory (TIPI)) and emotional status (using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)) on that model was examined as well. To this end, three Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analyses were conducted. Overall, the data had good fit to all the models, with only PSQ found to have a direct correlation with acute pain intensity. The SEM analyses conversely revealed several mediations. Specifically, that: first, PSQ fully mediated the relationship between PCS and pain intensity; second, PCS and PSQ together fully mediated the relationship between conscientiousness (personality trait) and pain intensity; and finally, emotional status had direct and indirect links with PSQ and pain intensity. In conclusion, these models suggest that during the acute post-collision phase, pain sensitivity intermediates between emotional states and personality traits, partially via elevated pain catastrophizing thoughts.

The Effect of Intraoperative Diphenhydramine/Morphine on Acute Pain and Opioid Consumption after Spine Surgery

Background: One of the most common problems after spine surgery is very severe pain that usually affects outcome of patients after surgery and duration of hospital stay. Acute postoperative pain has several mechanisms, and multimodal analgesia by different mechanism of action will help control to it. In this study, we intended to investigate the effect of intravenous diphenhydramine injection during induction of anesthesia and morphine before incision on the control of acute pain in postoperative laminectomy. Methods: 130 patients scheduled for spine surgeries were assigned to receive a single pre induction dose of diphenhydramine 0.4mg/kg IV (D group) and morphine 0.15mg/kg before incision in addition acetaminophen 1gr IV at the end of surgery and just morphine 0.15mg/kg and acetaminophen 1gr IV (C group) in a randomized, double-blind trial. Postoperative pain, analgesic requirements in recovery and 24 hr after surgery were assessed. Results: The mean pain intensity in recovery was lower in the diphenhydramine group than in the control group (MD, 2.13; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.72–2.53; P < .0001) and the need for analgesia was much lower in the diphenhydramine group than in the control group. P < 0.001. The severity of pain and the need for analgesics in the diphenhydramine group had a significant decrease in the ward compared to the control group. Conclusion: Prophylactic diphenhydramine 0.4 mg/kg at induction of general anesthesia in combination with morphine 0.15mg/kg before incision and acetaminophen 1gr at the end of surgery reduced the postoperative severity of acute pain and opioids requirement in the early postoperative period after spine surgeries.

An evaluation of opioid use during acute hospital admissions

Long-term opioid use can begin with the treatment of acute pain. However, there is little evidence concerning the impact that better opioid awareness in the acute phase may have on reducing the use of opioids in the long term. This project explored which opioids are routinely prescribed within an acute hospital setting and how these opioids were used over the course of the hospital stay. Codeine and morphine remain the most commonly prescribed opioids. Opioids were prescribed and given to people across the age range, from 16 to 98 years. The project found that 19% of patients were admitted with a pre-existing opioid. Up to 66% of patients were discharged with opioid medication, with almost 20% leaving with more than one opioid. Regular opioid use routinely exposes patients to long-term opioid use and those patients initiated onto opioid medication during admission should have the benefit of planned de-escalation before discharge.

Acute Pain Assessment Inadequacy in the Emergency Department: Patients’ Perspective

For many patients, acute pain is a common cause to seek treatment in an Emergency Department (ED). An inadequate assessment could cause inappropriate pain management. The aim of this study was to describe and explain patients’ perceptions of acute pain assessment in the Emergency Department. The data were collected from ED patients (n = 114). Patients reported that nurses were asking about intensity of pain at rest, but only 52% during movement. According to the patients, the most common tools to assess acute pain were the verbal rating scale (VRS; 54% of patients), numerical rating scale (NRS; 28% of patients), and visual analogue scale (VAS; 9.7% of patients). Over twenty per cent of patients stated that ED nurses did not ask about the intensity of pain after analgesic administration. Twenty-four per cent of the patients were not pleased with nursing pain assessment in the ED. The assessment of acute pain is still inadequate in the ED. Therefore, ED nurses need to be more attentive to systematic acute pain management of patients in the ED.

Utilising Virtual Reality in Pain Management: A Systematic Review

Virtual reality (VR) offers patient with a drug free supplement, an alternative or complementary therapy to traditional pain management. VR technology allowing its use in a wide variety of settings in the medicine world. So, we would like to evaluate the current existing evidence supporting VR in pain management. We conducted a systematic review of interventional and observational studies that examined VR applications in pain management between 2010 and 2019. We used Scopus databases, PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE and EBSCOhost to identify the studies using keywords “patient”, “virtual reality”, “medicine” and “pain management”. Data was obtained by two investigators and agreement was reached with the involvement of a third and fourth investigator. Narrative synthesis for all research was done. A total of 451 citations were identified, among which 12 studies met the criteria for inclusion. Studies involve various countries with participant age ranging from 6 to 75 years old. Studies were small, employed different design, instrument and measure for outcome. Studies addressed experimental, acute and chronic pain with four categories of condition which are burn injury, orthopedic diseases and chronic headache. VR was effective during the procedure in experimental and acute pain management. Majority of studies involving VR in painful physical rehabilitation therapy found VR reduced chronic pain and some provide evidence of lasting analgesia effect of VR after therapy. The usage of VR in chronic pain in term of psychological and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) showed improvement of positive mood, emotional and motivation that could lead to improvement of quality of life. VR also useful to elicit findings during painful cervical kinematics assessment in chronic neck pain. VR is a promising technology to be applied in managing chronic and acute pain. Some research showed that VR usage is able to provide lasting effect of analgesia even after VR session. However, there is a need for long term, larger sample sizes and well controlled studies to show clinical and cost-effectiveness for this technology to be used in clinical settings.

Comparative analysis of visual analog scales for assessing acute pain in women after radical mastectomy

BACKGROUND: Effective quantitative assessment of acute pain as an urgent problem in clinical medicine. One of the solutions to this problem is a color discrete scale (CDS). AIM: To determine the efficacy of the clinical usage of color discrete scale compared with linear visual analog scale to assess acute pain in women after radical mastectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study includes a prospective, observational, and non-randomized clinical trial. A total of 110 females who underwent radical mastectomy (RM) were interviewed. We used a 100-point linear visual analog scale (lVAS) and CDS with monotonic (mCDS) and random (rCDS) color arrangement. Pain was assessed 2, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h after surgery. RESULTS: Pain scores obtained 2 h after RM were 6 (0; 30), 12 (0; 24), 8 (0; 20) points according to IVAS, mCDS, and rCDS, respectively (p 0.05). Furthermore, the pain scores were gradually reduced on all three scales and had no statistically significant difference (p 0.05). In women who underwent paravertebral blockade (PVB), pain scores were significantly less at 2, 6, 12, and 48 h after surgery (p 0.05). Spearmans correlation coefficient for lVAS and mCDS is 0.90, 0.86 for lVAS and rCDS, and 0.90 for mCDS and rCDS (all p 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The CDS is an alternative, independent, and sufficient tool for quantifying pain. A strong correlation was found between the pain assessments according to CDS and lVAS. PVB significantly improves the quality of pain relief after RM.