scholarly journals Externality Analysis of Community Forest Management

2009 ◽  
pp. 62-69
Author(s):  
Mahesh Raj Dahal
Keyword(s):  
Community Forest Management ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Forest Use ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Externality Analysis

This paper attempts to analyze the positive and negative externality effects of community forest management with the help of household level monetary value of benefits and costs derived from the sixteen community forest user groups of households in Arun River Valley. Monetary benefits of major types of forest products and total costs of forest use and management were calculated classifying into labour cost, transaction cost and membership fees to derive monetary estimation for the purpose of externality analysis. With the help of summary statistics of calculated gross benefits and costs including net benefits and the benefit-cost ratios (B/C) the externality effects of use and management of community forest were examined. The results of externality analysis shows that the poor income households are completely failed to internalize the benefit from CF as per the total gross cost per household incurred equivalent by negative net benefits (-4.0 percent). The middle income households are being able to internalize by equalize both of gross benefit (37.0 percent and the total gross cost (37.0 percent) from CF. The rich income households are being able to externalize the total gross cost on the poor income households to gain disproportionate net benefits (4.0) from CF. The benefit-cost ratios (B/C) for the poor (0.81 < 1), medium (1=1) and rich households (1.09 > 1) also have justified that the rich households are getting higher percentage of net benefits and paying less percentage of gross cost without providing any compensation to the poor households. The middle income households appeared in a position of no more gain nor more loss or zero net benefit. Since even a benefit loser, the poor households should take part in overall total gross cost of forest use, operation and management. Thus, the net externality effect of CF in terms of benefits accrued (positive externality) minus total gross cost incurred (negative externality) i.e. net benefit is negatively related to the poor income households and positively related to richer households in the study area. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ttp.v5i0.1955 The Third Pole, Vol. 5-7, PP 62-69:2007

scholarly journals Pro-poor Institutions: Creating Exclusive Rights to the Poor Groups in Community Forest Management

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sushma Bhattarai ◽  
Prakash Kumar Jha ◽  
Niraj Chapagain
Keyword(s):  
Community Forestry ◽  
Community Forest Management ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Degraded Land ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Community Forests ◽  
The Poor ◽  
User Groups ◽  
Community Forest User Groups ◽  
Forest User

In spite of the widely accepted success of Community Forestry in reviving degraded land, it is still seen as being unable to provide tangible benefits to the poor. This paper illustrates that through continuous sharing, deliberation and negotiation among the poor and non?poor members of Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs), management of community forests can be made far more equitable than the usual scenario. Drawing from the experience on the processes and outcomes of Livelihoods and Forestry Programme (LFP), this paper brings empirical evidence of how facilitation support has enabled the poor to have more equitable access to community forests. Three key pro?poor institutional arrangements resulting from the facilitation process include: a) establishing special use rights arrangements within CFUGs for the poor, b) pro?poor silvicultural practices, and c) equitable forest product and benefit distribution mechanisms. The paper suggests some changes in policy and practice to institutionalise these outcomes. Full text is available at the ForestAction websiteDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jfl.v8i2.2304 Journal of Forest and Livelihood 8(2) February 2009 pp.1-15

‘They Take Our Houses’: Benefit Competition and the Erosion of Support for Immigrants' Social Rights

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Gerda Hooijer
Keyword(s):  
Panel Data ◽  
Social Housing ◽  
Electoral Politics ◽  
Institutional Context ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich

Abstract Does benefit competition affect voters' support for immigrants' social rights? While scholars in political economy expect that benefit competition lowers support among the poor, the evidence is limited. This seems to be largely due to the reliance on highly aggregated analyses and the neglect of the institutional context in which individuals form their preferences. This article argues that lower-income voters are more likely to reduce their support due to competition when benefit eligibility depends on income. Using individual-level panel data from the Netherlands and a novel way to measure benefit competition, the study shows that lower-middle-income voters become less supportive of immigrants' social rights when more social housing in their municipality is allocated to refugees. By contrast, competition does not reduce support among the rich or the very poor. The findings suggest that benefit competition can erode support for immigrants' social rights and influence electoral politics.

Empirical Understanding of Social Protection Programmes in Southwest Coastal Areas of Bangladesh: A Postmodern Perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-245
Author(s):  
Md Mostafizur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Local Politics ◽  
Institutional Governance ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Coastal Bangladesh ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Rich

Abstract Social protection programmes in Bangladesh aimed at reducing the vulnerability of the poor has become exceptionally challenging because of high exposure to weak institutional governance, and frequent natural disasters. As a matter of fact, both the coverage and the types of social protection programmes have been expanded to support the extremely poor households in Bangladesh over the last decade. However, the boundaries between ‘protection approach’ associated with risk reduction and ‘promotion approach’ regarded as the pathways to raise incomes and employment opportunities of the poor have remained understated in policy discourse. This paper addresses how an Interpretivist methodology can be used in exploring the current complexities of social protection programmes in extremely poor households with reference to disaster-affected areas in southwest coastal Bangladesh, giving a particular attention to the interpretation of the beneficiaries as well as service providers. This paper employs an interpretative framework for collecting qualitative data because of its ability to make sense of the complex situations of social protection programmes by generating multicontextual information provided by the beneficiaries of social protection programmes. During the initial fieldwork of the research, the research participants pointed out that there exist strong prevalence and dominance of local politics considered as ‘underlying issues’ in the delivering process of social protection programmes, which is further associated with power-relation between the rich and poor class of the society. However, the current policy discourses of social protection programmes have overlooked those highly pertinent phenomena both in local and national context. This paper argues that the aspects of availability, accessibility and utilisation of social protection programmes is not straightforward as each aspect is further associated with social relations and complex social understanding. An interpretive methodology along with illustrative data collection and analysis techniques can become effective to explore those complex societal understanding related with social protection programmes. Finally, within the adopted interpretive framework, the integrated view related with availability, accessibility and utilisation aspects of social protection programmes need to be addressed while creating a sense of meaning and understanding of overall situation of social protection programmes.

scholarly journals The Structure of Inequality and the Politics of Redistribution

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 316-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
NOAM LUPU ◽  
JONAS PONTUSSON
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Lower Half ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Present Survey ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Redistributive Policies ◽  
Preferences For Redistribution ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Advanced Capitalist

Against the current consensus among comparative political economists, we argue that inequality matters for redistributive politics in advanced capitalist societies, but it is the structure of inequality, not the level of inequality, that matters. Our theory posits that middle-income voters will be inclined to ally with low-income voters and support redistributive policies when the distance between the middle and the poor is small relative to the distance between the middle and the rich. We test this proposition with data from 15 to 18 advanced democracies and find that both redistribution and nonelderly social spending increase as the dispersion of earnings in the upper half of the distribution increases relative to the dispersion of earnings in the lower half of the distribution. In addition, we present survey evidence on preferences for redistribution among middle-income voters that is consistent with our theory and regression results indicating that left parties are more likely to participate in government when the structure of inequality is characterized by skew.

scholarly journals Can community monitoring save the commons? Evidence on forest use and displacement

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (29) ◽  
pp. e2015172118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabrina Eisenbarth ◽  
Louis Graham ◽  
Anouk S. Rigterink
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Good Evidence ◽  
Forest Loss ◽  
Community Forest Management ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Community Monitoring ◽  
Forest Use ◽  
The Impact

Rapid deforestation is a major driver of greenhouse-gas emissions (1). One proposed policy tool to halt deforestation is community forest management. Even though communities manage an increasing proportion of the world’s forests, we lack good evidence of successful approaches to community forest management. Prior studies suggest that successful approaches require a number of “design conditions” to be met. However, causal evidence on the effectiveness of individual design conditions is scarce. This study isolates one design condition, community-led monitoring of the forest, and provides causal evidence on its potential to reduce forest use. The study employs a randomized controlled trial to investigate the impact of community monitoring on forest use in 110 villages in Uganda. We explore the impact of community monitoring in both monitored and unmonitored areas of the forest, using exceptionally detailed data from on-the-ground measurements and satellite imagery. Estimates indicate that community monitoring does not affect our main outcome of interest, a forest-use index. However, treatment villages see a relative increase in forest loss outside of monitored forest areas compared to control villages. This increase is seen both in nonmonitored areas adjacent to treatment villages and in nonmonitored areas adjacent to neighboring villages not included in the study. We tentatively conclude that at least part of the increase in forest loss in nonmonitored areas is due to displacement of forest use by members of treatment villages due to fear of sanctions. Interventions to reduce deforestation should take this potentially substantial effect into consideration.

scholarly journals Changes in Consumption Patterns and Employment under Alternative Income Distributions in Pakistan

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aftab Ahmad Cheema ◽  
Muhammad Hussain Malik
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Income Redistribution ◽  
Consumption Patterns ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Income Distributions ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Additional Income

The demand and employment effects of alternative distributions of the existing as well as the additional income generated through growth of the economy have been analysed in this paper. The results show that income redistribution in favour of the low-income households would increase the demand for basic necessities like wheat, pulses, edible oils, etc., while the demand for certain other commodities would decrease. The results also show that the consumption levels of the poor households can be significantly increased with income redistribution without much adverse effects on the rich. The employment effects are found to be positive and substantial.

Socioeconomic Differences in Smoking and Cessation Across a Period of Rapid Economic Growth in an Upper-Middle-Income Country

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1539-1546
Author(s):  
Jeevitha Mariapun ◽  
Noran N Hairi ◽  
Chiu-Wan Ng
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Prevalence ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Middle Income Country ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Socioeconomic Gradient ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Increasing Trend ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
The Rich

Abstract Introduction Higher smoking rates and lower cessation rates among the poor compared to the rich are evident in high-income countries. In low and middle-income countries (LMICs), many of which are in the early stages of tackling the tobacco epidemic, more knowledge is required of the socioeconomic inequalities in smoking. This is especially the case for upper-middle-income countries, where smoking prevalence is highest. This study examines trends in the socioeconomic gradient in smoking and cessation among adults across a period of rapid economic development in Malaysia, an LMIC with an upper-middle-income economy. Methods The socioeconomic trends in smoking were analyzed using data from cross-sectional National Health and Morbidity Surveys for the years 1996, 2006, and 2011. Household per capita income was used as a measure of socioeconomic position. As a measure of inequality, the concentration index that quantified the degree of socioeconomic inequality in a health outcome was computed. Smoking was assessed in current and former smokers. The study population was examined by gender, region, and age group. Results This study found a trend of an increasingly higher smoking prevalence among the poor and higher cessation rates among the rich. With the exception of younger women in Peninsular Malaysia, the socioeconomic gradient in current smoking is concentrated among the poor. For former smokers, especially men, distributions across the years were mostly concentrated among the rich. Conclusion It is important to ensure that health policies, programs, and interventions consider the potential impact of the socioeconomic patterning in smoking on equity in health. Implications Findings on the socioeconomic gradient in smoking and cessation from Malaysia across a period of rapid economic development will contribute to addressing the paucity of knowledge on the socioeconomic gradient of smoking and cessation in other progressing LMICs. This study provides evidence from an upper-middle-income country, of an increasing trend of smoking among the poor and an increasing trend of cessation rates among the rich, particularly for men. We found opposing trends for younger adult women in the more developed, Peninsular Malaysia. More rich young women were found to have taken up smoking compared to socioeconomically less advantaged young women.

scholarly journals Is socioeconomic segregation of the poor associated with higher premature mortality under the age of 60? A cross-sectional analysis of survey data in major Indian cities

BMJ Open ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. e018885 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarani Chandola ◽  
Sitamma Mikkilineni ◽  
Anil Chandran ◽  
Souvik Kumar Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Nan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Absolute Increase ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Poor Households ◽  
Isolation Index ◽  
Socioeconomic Segregation ◽  
Indian Cities

ObjectivesAlthough urbanisation is generally associated with poverty reduction in low-income and middle-income countries, it also results in increased socioeconomic segregation of the poor. Cities with higher levels of socioeconomic segregation tend to have higher mortality rates, although the evidence is based on ecological associations. The paper examines whether socioeconomic segregation of the poor is associated with higher under-60 years (‘premature’) mortality risk in Indian cities and whether this association is confounded by contextual and compositional sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors.Setting and participantsA population representative sample of over one million from 39 427 households living in 1876 urban wards within 59 Indian districts (cities) from the third (2008) District Level Household Survey (DLHS-3).Primary outcome and other measuresThe outcome was any death under the age of 60 reported by households in the preceding 4years of the DLHS-3. Socioeconomic segregation, estimated at the district (city) level, was measured using an isolation index of the poor and the index of dissimilarity.ResultsPoor households living in cities where the poor were more isolated had higher probabilities of premature mortality than poor households living in cities where the poor were less isolated. In contrast, it did not matter whether rich households lived in more or less socioeconomically segregated cities. A 1 SD increase in the isolation index was associated with an absolute increase of 1.1% in the probability of premature mortality for the poorest households.ConclusionIncreasing segregation of the poor may result in higher premature mortality. As low-income and middle-income countries become increasingly urbanised, there is a risk that this may lead to increased segregation of the poor as well as increased premature mortality.

scholarly journals Community forest management: Comparison of simulated production and financial returns from agarwood, tengkawang and rubber trees in West Kutai, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABUBAKAR M. LAHJIE ◽  
ISMINARTI ISMINARTI ◽  
B.D.A.S. SIMARANGKIR ◽  
R. KRISTININGRUM ◽  
YOSEP RUSLIM
Keyword(s):  
Forest Management ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Financial Analysis ◽  
Community Forest Management ◽  
Financial Returns ◽  
Community Forest ◽  
Net Benefit ◽  
Planted Forests ◽  
Annual Increment

Lahjie AM, Isminarti, Simarangkir BDAS, Kristiningrum, R, Ruslim Y. 2018. Community forest management: Comparison of simulated production and financial returns from agarwood, tengkawang and rubber trees in West Kutai, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 126-133. Research was conducted in planted forests of agarwood (Aquilaria spp.) and tengkawang (Shorea macrophylla) and in plantations of natural rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in West Kutai District, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. The research aimed (i) to find out the productivity of agarwood and tengkawang trees in mixed plantings (ii) to measure their rate of development in order to estimate the maximum Mean Annual Increment (MAI) for agarwood and tengkawang and (iii) to carry out a comparison with natural rubber production of the investment feasibility of planted forests of these trees using a financial analysis of Pay Back Period, Net Present Value (NPV), Net Benefit/ Cost (B/C) Ratio and Internal rate of Return (IRR). The research was based on measurements carried out in plots, 0.25 ha in extent, selected by systematic random sampling from three model plantations. Plantation Model I was a combination of agarwood and tengkawang in one piece of land in which the agarwood trees were planted at a spacing of of 5m x 2.5m and the tengkawang tree were also planted at a spacing of 5m x 2.5m. This means that there were a total of 200 agarwood saplings and 200 tengkawang saplings in the plot. Model II was the combination of agarwood and tengkawang in one piece of land, in which 167 agarwood saplings were planted and 166 tengkawang saplings were planted in a different planting arrangement (at the planting distance of 5m x 3 m). Model III was rubber trees in an area of 0.25 ha with 119 saplings. The data for natural rubber were collected in series from the farmers. The measurement variables for agarwood and tenkawang included the diameter and height of trees using series measurement until they reached 30 years and then the results were simulated. The research findings showed that in Model I, agarwood was found to have higher maximum MAI while in Model II, tengkawang was found to have higher maximum MAI. This was the result of a silvicultural technique in which thinning, maintenance and intermediate harvest were carefully controlled. These two models were feasible for business because the values of their IRR were 14% and 13.3% respectively, while in Model III, rubber cultivation was not feasible for business because the value of its IRR was only 4.7%.

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