O moralnych następstwach nadsprawności poznawczej. Casus modafinilu

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-19
Author(s):  
Andrzej Girdwoyń

The article aims to answer the question of whether a healthy person who takes a registered medication containing modafinil may be considered responsible for behaviours, for which he or she would not be responsible without the cognitive enhancement. For this purpose, three specific questions are analysed. First, it is analysed whether liability is connected to competence in such a way that the increase in an individual’s cognitive competence increases his or her responsibility. Second, if the answer to the previous question is affirmative, under which conditions the person who has taken medications to extend his or her responsibility may be held responsible for conduct which he or she would not have committed without the cognitive improvement. Third, can the conditions referred to in the previous sentence be satisfied in the case of a healthy person who acts under the influence of a drug containing modafinil.

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 485-492
Author(s):  
Christopher W. Butler ◽  
Ashley A. Keiser ◽  
Janine L. Kwapis ◽  
Nicole C. Berchtold ◽  
Vanessa L. Wall ◽  
...  

The beneficial effects of exercise on cognition are well established; however specific exercise parameters regarding the frequency and duration of physical activity that provide optimal cognitive health have not been well defined. Here, we explore the effects of the duration of exercise and sedentary periods on long-term object location memory (OLM) in mice. We use a weak object location training paradigm that is subthreshold for long-term memory formation in sedentary controls, and demonstrate that exercise enables long-term memories to form. We show that 14- and 21-d of running wheel access enables mice to discriminate between familiar and novel object locations after a 24 h delay, while 2- or 7-d running wheel access provides insufficient exercise for such memory enhancement using the subthreshold learning paradigm. After 14- and 21-d of wheel running, exercise-induced cognitive enhancement then decays back to baseline performance following 3-d of sedentary activity. However, exercise-induced cognitive enhancement can be reactivated by an additional period of just 2 d exercise, previously shown to be insufficient to induce cognitive enhancement on its own. The reactivating period of exercise is capable of enhancing memory after three- or seven-sedentary days, but not 14-d. These data suggest a type of “molecular memory” for the exercise stimulus, in that once exercise duration reaches a certain threshold, it establishes a temporal window during which subsequent low-level exercise can capitalize on the neurobiological adaptations induced by the initial period of exercise, enabling it to maintain the benefits on cognitive function. These findings provide new information that may help to guide future clinical studies in exercise.


2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 1253-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Eack ◽  
M. F. Pogue-Geile ◽  
D. P. Greenwald ◽  
S. S. Hogarty ◽  
M. S. Keshavan

BackgroundCognitive rehabilitation has emerged as an effective treatment for addressing cognitive impairments and functional disability in schizophrenia; however, the degree to which changes in various social and non-social cognitive processes translate into improved functioning during treatment remains unclear. This research sought to identify the neurocognitive and social-cognitive mechanisms of functional improvement during a 2-year trial of cognitive enhancement therapy (CET) for early-course schizophrenia.MethodPatients in the early course of schizophrenia were randomly assigned to CET (n=31) or an enriched supportive therapy control (n=27) and treated for up to 2 years. A comprehensive neurocognitive assessment battery and the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT) were completed annually, along with measures of functioning. Mediator analyses using mixed-effects growth models were conducted to examine the effects of neurocognitive and social-cognitive improvement on functional change.ResultsImprovements over 2 years in neurocognition and the emotion management branch of the MSCEIT were found to be significantly related to improved functional outcome in early-course schizophrenia patients. Neurocognitive improvement, primarily in executive functioning, and social-cognitive change in emotion management also mediated the robust effects of CET on functioning.ConclusionsImprovements in neurocognition and social cognition that result from cognitive rehabilitation are both significant mediators of functional improvement in early-course schizophrenia. Cognitive rehabilitation programs for schizophrenia may need to target deficits in both social and non-social cognition to achieve an optimal functional response.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-45
Author(s):  
Dewi Maftutah ◽  
Siti Roudhotul Jannah ◽  
Ferdian Utama

The development of media as a tool to improve children's development, especially at the early childhood education level, is very important. The assistance of media or educational play tools in children's activities at school is directly proportional to the slogan of playing while learning. This article aims to explain about letter board media assistance for PAUD teachers in schools, as well as children's cognitive enhancement through counting board media. The data used were obtained from observations, interviews, tests and interviews. This article finds that the development of finger pad media makes it easier for teachers as well as aids in children's cognitive enhancement. The finger board media used by the teacher has an impact on the joy of children with the media used. This article strengthens some of the previous articles about cognitive enhancement in children assisted by fun fingertip media.


2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (4S_Part_8) ◽  
pp. P251-P252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem Malouf ◽  
Anna Noel-Storr ◽  
Helen Collins ◽  
Rupert McShane ◽  
Lon S. Schneider

Author(s):  
Nithya S ◽  
Shanmugarajan Ts

Objective: D-amino acid oxidase inhibitors (DAAOIs) are of particular focus for cognition study. Atypical antipsychotics are known DAAO inhibitors. The present examination was done to check out the binding affinity of atypical antipsychotics by docking toward the DAAO protein; in conclusion, the picked antipsychotic drug was checked for their cognition enhancing activity with scopolamine-induced amnesia.Methods: The crystal structure of DAAO was obtained from Protein Data Bank, the energy minimization was performed with CHARMM program, then active site prediction was made out using Ramachandran plot, and finally, docking examination was finished using Autodock 4.2 tool. For in vivo study, the mice were divided into three groups. Group I - vehicle (Saline) treated, Group II – saline +scopolamine (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p]) treated, and Group III - clozapine (20 mg/kg, i.p) + scopolamine (1 mg/kg, i.p).Results: The Autodock examination shows significant binding affinity of - 5.22 for brexpiprazole and least or positive binding affinity of +1 for iloperidone. Clozapine with binding energy of - 2.87 was decided for completing the in vivo cognition study. The in vivo shows up that clozapine (20 mg/kg, i.p) exhibits a change in the impairment of spatial memory.Conclusion: The results recommend that the clozapine produces cognitive enhancement through both DAAOI and antipsychotic action. Clozapine has cognitive improvement potential, favoring its usage in reducing toxic impacts of scopolamine


2005 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 760 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Randò ◽  
Giovanni Baranello ◽  
Daniela Ricci ◽  
Andrea Guzzetta ◽  
Francesca Tinelli ◽  
...  

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 316-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Schiellerup ◽  
Karen Krogfelt ◽  
Åse Bengård Andersen

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