Assessment of the degree of lameness in cows

Relevance. The structure of the hoof of cows is a complex biological mechanism consisting of the hoof joint, hoof bone, finger pad, sole, hoof wall, etc. According to V.A. Lukyanovsky (1982), hooves are an additional heart of the animal, since when the hoof hits the ground, the blood actively rises, which allows to create auxiliary pressure in the blood vessels, facilitating the work of the heart muscle. When this system is violated, pathologies of the cardiovascular system often develop. The appearance of foci of the pathological process in different parts of the hoof will not only disrupt the work of the heart, but also cause discomfort, pain, and most importantly — lameness, which will be the driving force in a significant decrease in the productivity of cattle.Methods. Scientists identify three main signs of developing lameness in an animal. The first is the position of the back when walking, normally the back should be smooth and straight, while with the onset of lameness, the animal will carefully rearrange the limb, thereby straining the dorsal muscles, after which a bend in the back will be observed. The second sign is a short step, since with pain syndrome, the animal tries to minimize the load on the diseased limb. The third sign will be the obvious protection of the diseased limb, as a result of which the animal will completely cease to rely on the limb, both when walking and when standing.Results. A systematic approach will allow us to present a mathematical model of a healthy animal and of lame one. Thus, the following pattern can be identified: In order to receive nutrients together with the feed, the cow must reach the feeder, therefore, depending on the degree of lameness, there is a decrease in the consumption of dry matter, up to 15%. Based on this, it can be calculated that with a lack of nutrients and energy, there will be a decrease in milk yield of up to 36%. Which, according to P.I. Nikanorov and I.M. Kasyanov, will lead to a loss of up to 300 kg of milk for the entire lactation period. It was found that in the presence of overgrown and deformed hooves, the daily milk yield of cows is reduced by 5–12%, and with the appearance of cracks in the fragments of the horny capsule — by 19–20%. Also, the birth of a calf is required to obtain milk, and the presence of lameness will negatively affect the production of reproductive hormones, lead to the appearance of “quiet” hunting, which in turn will indirectly lead to a loss of milk productivity.

784. Efficiency of Quaternary Ammonium Disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2 and Coronavirus 229E

Background The recent pandemic of CoVid19 has increased our need to assess the impact of disinfectants on the inactivation of human coronaviruses. The goals of this study were 1) quantify the disinfection of SARS-CoV-2 and human coronavirus 229 inactivations by various quaternary ammonium formulations, and 2) demonstrate the impact of disinfectants on preventing fomite-to-finger transfer of coronaviruses. Methods We compared the inactivation of both SARS-Covid -2 and coronavirus 229E suspended in 5% fetal calf sera and dried on both metal and plastic surfaces. In addition, studies were conducted with a silinated quaternary ammonium compound that left a residual on the surface. Studies were also conducted on the finger transfer of coronavirus from various surfaces. The virus was allowed to dry on the surface for 30 minutes, then a transfer was conducted by placing the finger pad directly onto the contaminated surface. The finger was tested for the virus. The study was then repeated with virus-contaminated porcelain surfaces that were sprayed with a quaternary product or placed on a surface with a quaternary ammonium compound that left a residual. Results Several readily available quaternary ammonium formulations were evaluated and proved to be effective with greater than a 99.9% reduction in titer after drying on both metal and plastic surfaces. In addition, a silinated quaternary ammonium compound that left a residual on the surface was capable of inactivating SARS-CoV-2 for at least seven days after application. Studies on the finger transfer of coronavirus from various surfaces showed that the amount of virus transfer to the finger varied from 0.46 to 49.0% depending upon the surface. Little or no virus transfer occurred from treated surfaces compared to the untreated controls. In addition, coronavirus 229E appears to be a good model for use in disinfection assessments for SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion Our results demonstrate that various quaternary ammonium disinfectant formulations are effective against human coronaviruses. Finger transfer tests showed that transmission of coronavirus from surfaces can be prevented, reducing the risk of fomite transmission. Coronavirus 229E appears to be a good model for use in disinfection assessments for SARS-CoV-2. Disclosures Charles P. Gerba, Ph.D., Allied Biosciences (Grant/Research Support)Behr (Grant/Research Support)Corning Inc. (Grant/Research Support)PPG (Grant/Research Support)Procter and Gamble (Other Financial or Material Support, donation)Rickett and Coleman (Grant/Research Support)

Fingerboard Media Development Calculate for the Cognitive Improvement of Teachers at RA Muslimat NU 1 Tulus Rejo

The development of media as a tool to improve children's development, especially at the early childhood education level, is very important. The assistance of media or educational play tools in children's activities at school is directly proportional to the slogan of playing while learning. This article aims to explain about letter board media assistance for PAUD teachers in schools, as well as children's cognitive enhancement through counting board media. The data used were obtained from observations, interviews, tests and interviews. This article finds that the development of finger pad media makes it easier for teachers as well as aids in children's cognitive enhancement. The finger board media used by the teacher has an impact on the joy of children with the media used. This article strengthens some of the previous articles about cognitive enhancement in children assisted by fun fingertip media.

An elasticity-curvature illusion decouples cutaneous and proprioceptive cues in active exploration of soft objects

Our sense of touch helps us encounter the richness of our natural world. Across a myriad of contexts and repetitions, we have learned to deploy certain exploratory movements in order to elicit perceptual cues that are salient and efficient. The task of identifying optimal exploration strategies and somatosensory cues that underlie our softness perception remains relevant and incomplete. Leveraging psychophysical evaluations combined with computational finite element modeling of skin contact mechanics, we investigate an illusion phenomenon in exploring softness; where small-compliant and large-stiff spheres are indiscriminable. By modulating contact interactions at the finger pad, we find this elasticity-curvature illusion is observable in passive touch, when the finger is constrained to be stationary and only cutaneous responses from mechanosensitive afferents are perceptible. However, these spheres become readily discriminable when explored volitionally with musculoskeletal proprioception available. We subsequently exploit this phenomenon to dissociate relative contributions from cutaneous and proprioceptive signals in encoding our percept of material softness. Our findings shed light on how we volitionally explore soft objects, i.e., by controlling surface contact force to optimally elicit and integrate proprioceptive inputs amidst indiscriminable cutaneous contact cues. Moreover, in passive touch, e.g., for touch-enabled displays grounded to the finger, we find those spheres are discriminable when rates of change in cutaneous contact are varied between the stimuli, to supplant proprioceptive feedback.

Congenital Curved Nail of the Fourth Toe with Subungual Hyperkeratosis

Congenital curved nail of the fourth toe (CNFT) is a rare nail deformity. We report a case of CNFT with thickening and hyperkeratosis at the hyponychium and peripheral nail bed that was successfully treated using a novel surgical technique. A 7-year-old Japanese boy had a clawed nail with thickening and hyperkeratosis at the hyponychium and peripheral nail bed on his bilateral fourth toes. His chief complaint was pain. The nails of the bilateral fourth toes curved plantarly and exhibited thickening and hyperkeratosis of the hyponychium and peripheral nail bed. A surgical approach was planned to improve the condition. The distal phalanges that deviated and formed a point toward the nail bed were partially shaved, and a soft tissue flap was created in the finger pad and shifted to cover the distal phalanges. The dorsal side of the distal phalanges was covered by the nail bed flap. Recurrence has not been observed for 3 years after surgery. There is limited evidence supporting surgical approaches for CNFT. This approach may be an effective treatment option for CNFT with thickening of the nail bed.

Fingerprint ridges allow primates to regulate grip

Fingerprints are unique to primates and koalas but what advantages do these features of our hands and feet provide us compared with the smooth pads of carnivorans, e.g., feline or ursine species? It has been argued that the epidermal ridges on finger pads decrease friction when in contact with smooth surfaces, promote interlocking with rough surfaces, channel excess water, prevent blistering, and enhance tactile sensitivity. Here, we found that they were at the origin of a moisture-regulating mechanism, which ensures an optimal hydration of the keratin layer of the skin for maximizing the friction and reducing the probability of catastrophic slip due to the hydrodynamic formation of a fluid layer. When in contact with impermeable surfaces, the occlusion of the sweat from the pores in the ridges promotes plasticization of the skin, dramatically increasing friction. Occlusion and external moisture could cause an excess of water that would defeat the natural hydration balance. However, we have demonstrated using femtosecond laser-based polarization-tunable terahertz wave spectroscopic imaging and infrared optical coherence tomography that the moisture regulation may be explained by a combination of a microfluidic capillary evaporation mechanism and a sweat pore blocking mechanism. This results in maintaining an optimal amount of moisture in the furrows that maximizes the friction irrespective of whether a finger pad is initially wet or dry. Thus, abundant low-flow sweat glands and epidermal furrows have provided primates with the evolutionary advantage in dry and wet conditions of manipulative and locomotive abilities not available to other animals.