O moralnych następstwach nadsprawności poznawczej. Casus modafinilu

The article aims to answer the question of whether a healthy person who takes a registered medication containing modafinil may be considered responsible for behaviours, for which he or she would not be responsible without the cognitive enhancement. For this purpose, three specific questions are analysed. First, it is analysed whether liability is connected to competence in such a way that the increase in an individual’s cognitive competence increases his or her responsibility. Second, if the answer to the previous question is affirmative, under which conditions the person who has taken medications to extend his or her responsibility may be held responsible for conduct which he or she would not have committed without the cognitive improvement. Third, can the conditions referred to in the previous sentence be satisfied in the case of a healthy person who acts under the influence of a drug containing modafinil.

Kas elliptiline (nimisõnata) kaassõnafraas on olemas?

Kokkuvõte. Sõnaliigiliselt on kaassõnade ja määrsõnade klass võrdlemisi erinevad. Kaassõnu on keeles suhteliselt väike ja piiratud hulk, neid tekib aja jooksul küll juurde, kuid kaassõnaks grammatiseerumine muudest sõnaliikidest on pikem protsess. Kaassõna defineerivaks omaduseks on esinemine alati koos nimisõna(fraasi)ga, mille käände kaassõna määrab. Määrsõnade klass seevastu on suur ja heterogeenne, määrsõnu saab hõlpsasti juurde tuletada tuletusliidete abil. Ometi ühendab kaas- ja määrsõnu see, et suur osa kaassõnu võib esineda samas tähenduses ka määrsõnana. Artiklis on uurimise all sõnad, mis võivad esineda nii kaassõna kui ka määrsõnana, säilitades seejuures sama funktsiooni. Kolme sõna (asemele, peale ja läbi) näitel on fookuses kontiinum kaassõna ja määrsõna (ja abimäärsõna) vahel, kus kaassõnafraasi obligatoorseks osaks olev nimisõna(fraas) võib olla kadunud, kuid sisuliselt vähem või rohkem hõlpsasti juurde mõeldav. Selline kontiinum kaassõna, määrsõna ja ühendverbi vahel peegeldab keele paindlikkust ja kõneleja valikuvõimalusi väljenduda võimalikult täpselt vastavalt suhtluseesmärgile. Abstract. Ann Veismann: Can we speak about adpositional phrases without complements? The aim of the present study is to examine the continuum between adpositions and adverbs in Estonian. The paper focuses on three words that can be used with the same meaning either as adpositions or as adverbs: asemele ‘instead of [allative case]’, peale ‘onto’ and läbi ‘through’. Data for the study was collected from the Estonian National Corpus 2019 via Sketch Engine. Adpositional phrases without a complement encompass the following possibilities: a) a complement noun is mentioned in the same or the previous sentence; b) a complement noun has occurred somewhere in the foregoing text; c) a suitable complement noun can be established from general knowledge about the world; d) phrases with a quasi-complement, e.g. with a noun that could be a complement even though it is not in complement case (genitive) but in a local case (elative or allative); e) phrases with a demonstrative pro-adverb which refers to the place of the complement entity. The study also discusses verb-particle combinations with the same adverbs. Verb-particle combinations with asemele are more typical combinations than those with peale and läbi which usually form more idiomatic phrasal verbs. One implication of this study is that the continuum between the adposition and adverb reveals the linguistic flexibility which enables language users the possibility of expressing themselves exactly according to the needs of the communication situation.

CHRISTMAS STICHERON “ΣΉΜΕΡΟΝ Ὁ ΧΡΙΣΤΌΣ” AND CIRCLE OF ITS PROSOMOIA: GREEK-SLAVONIC PARALLELS OF THE 10TH–17TH CENTURIES

The subject of article is the history of the musical and poetic composition of the Christmas sticheron “Σήμερον ὁ Χριστός” by Johann Damascene with the Gospel quotation “Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, and good will toward men” (Lk. 2:14), as well as the circle of associated stichera in Byzantine, Old Russian and Kiev-Lithuanian traditions. The musical text of the hymns is represented in Greek manuscripts by Chartres, Coislin and middle-Byzantine neumes; Old Russian chant books were analyzed using znamenny neumes and singer notation; and Kiev manuscripts — using Kievan five-line notation records. The melody of the Christmas sticheron emphasizes the importance of the Gospel quotation with long melismatic musical fragments of the quotation itself and the previous sentence. This sticheron became a model for several hymns to Epiphany, Purification of the Most Holy Mother of God, Annunciation and Entry into the Temple of the Most Holy Mother of God, the majority of which were excluded from liturgical use. There are various ways of creating a new sticheron based on the model: prosomoion may be a calque or an independent composition with certain elements of model tune. The latter case of the sticheron to the Entry into the Temple “Σήμερον τῷ ναῷ προσάγεται” has its own musical text history in three traditions, independent from that of the model. Chants of Old Russian manuscripts of 11th—14th centuries are similar to those of a Byzantine origin, but in the 15th—17th centuries the music of these two traditions has developed in different ways. The Kievan chant tradition, similar to both Old Russian and Byzantine ones, is a point of intersection of chant cultures.

TAFWÎD METHOD IN UNDERSTANDING MUTASHÂBIHÂT VERSES

Mutashâbihât verse is a verse that has a vague meaning. This vagueness can occur in terms of lafaz, or in terms of meaning, or in terms of lafaz and their meaning. In the existing debate, this paper aims to examine the methods used by scholars in understanding the mutashabihat verses. (a) How is the analysis of the interpretation of scholars in understanding the mutashâbihât verses? (b) What factors cause them to disagree? This paper is built from data collected through library research by tracing sources that relate directly to the theme. This paper uses the approach of interpretation and science. This paper shows that scholars use two methods in understanding mutashabihat verses. First; ta’wil method, they tend to understand the letter waw as waw ‘ataf in the fragment of verse wa al-rasikhuna fi al-’ilm (Q.S.Ali Imran (3): 7), which connects the previous sentence, the connotation is that Allah and the people are firmly grounded in knowledge know the definite meaning. Second; tafwid method, they tend to understand the letter waw as waw al-isti’naf functions as mubtada’ which is a new sentence. The connotation is to give its definite meaning to Allah alone and to those whose knowledge is profound in their faith. Some mutashabihat verses can be identified through scientific theory.

Object combination in mental simulations

Studies on the presence of mental simulations during language comprehension have typically focused only on single object properties. This study investigates whether two objects are combined in mental simulations, and whether this is influenced by task instructions. In both experiments, participants read sentences describing animals using a tool in some way. After each sentence, they saw an image of a cartoon animal holding a tool, and they indicated whether the animal (Experiment 1) or the tool (Experiment 2) was mentioned in the previous sentence or not. The shown image completely matched, partially matched, partially mismatched, or completely mismatched the preceding sentence. In total, 90 Dutch psychology students took part in Experiment 1, and 92 students took part in Experiment 2, both experiments were pre-registered. The results suggest that mental simulations indeed combine multiple objects during language comprehension and that this is not influenced by task instructions. Regardless of the instruction type, participants always responded quickest in the complete match condition compared to the partial match condition, suggesting that language comprehension leads to the creation of a complete mental simulation.

Agenda Setting Theory Pencalonan Walikota Jambi di Media Seru Jambi.com

This research is motivated by the reality of media coverage in constructing political figures for mayoral candidates who campaign through these media. Through the media agenda setting theory, the author examines the SeruJambi.com media in reporting Syarif Fasha as one of the candidates for the Jambi Mayor's candidate in 2018. The analysis goes through three things, namely: message framing, use of words and objectivity. The research method used is interpretive qualitative by emphasizing written sources in the form of documenting the contents of Syarif Fasha's news on the online media SeruJambi.com. The results of the study found that there was an imbalance in Seru Jambi.com in constructing the news of Syarif Fasha as one of the candidates for the Mayor of Jambi 2018. There is a message framing strategy in reporting the daily life of the candidate. The use of words with a simplification strategy from scientific language into everyday language, repetition of words as a pointer to the core idea of ​​the news, synonyms (similar words) by writing different words to prevent boredom. Similarity of topics to clarify a previous sentence, as a framing strategy to highlight the main idea of ​​the news

Problem gambling and support preferences among Finnish prisoners: a pilot study in an adult correctional population

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the prevalence of potential problem gambling among Finnish prisoners; the associations between problem gambling and demographics, substance use and crime-related factors; and problem gamblers’ support preferences. Design/methodology/approach Prisoners (n=96) from two Finnish prisons were recruited between December 2017 and January 2018. The estimated response rate was 31 percent. Gambling problems were measured using the Brief Biosocial Gambling Screen. The participants were asked to report their gambling both for one year prior to their incarceration and for the past year. The independent variables were demographics (age, gender and marital status), substance use (alcohol, smoking and narcotics) and crime-related factors (crime type, prison type and previous sentence). Statistical significance (p) was determined using Fischer’s exact test. Findings Past-year pre-conviction problem gambling prevalence was 16.3 percent and past-year prevalence 15 percent. Age, gender, smoking, alcohol or illicit drug use were not associated with past-year problem gambling before sentencing. One-third of the prisoners (33.3 percent) who were sentenced for a property crime, financial crime or robbery were problem gamblers. One-quarter (24 percent) of all participants showed an interest in receiving support by identifying one or more support preferences. The most preferred type of support was group support in its all forms. Research limitations/implications It is recommended that correctional institutions undertake systematic screening for potential problem gambling, and implement tailored intervention programs for inmates with gambling problems. Originality/value This study provides a deeper understanding of problem gambling in prisons. Problem gambling is associated with crime and also seems to be linked with serving a previous sentence. Early detection and tailored interventions for problem gambling may help to reduce reoffending rates.

THE CONJUNCTION ADAPUN IN THE INDONESIAN LANGUAGE

This study aimed to describe the function and the meaning of adapun in Indonesia and also the appropriate sentence structure of adapun. This writing uses a qualitative method with descriptive data and extended examples, based on the empirical facts or phenomena that are relevant to the lives of the users, and discussion. Data collection is done by note taking (library research) - gathering research data. Data sources are derived from print media, scientific writing, and textbooks. We conclude that the function of adapun has a close linkage with the above-mentioned conjunction. The meanings of adapun were: (1) adding information and explaining the previous sentence, (2) usher in the parsing, (3) stating something different but in the same domain, and (4) stating further information. Most of the predicates that contain adapun include the word adalah (“there is/are”), so in large measure, the context is regarded as stating a definition. In general, the sentence pattern that contains adapun is a simple sentence with the subject that is generally in the form of long phrases and the pattern is S-P-O-A.

BENTUK-BENTUK KALIMAT IMPERATIF PERMINTAAN PADA IKLAN ROKOK 'DJARUM 76'

This study focused on the structures of requesting imperative sentences of Djarum 76 cigarette advertisement. The researchers tried to explain the types, structures, and markers on verbal requests which appear on Djarum 76 advertisements on TV during 2009-2014. This study applied descriptive qualitative method. The data were requesting sentences in the advertisements of Djarum 76 which wre taken from Youtube website. The process of data collection involved watching, listening, and note taking technique. Meanwhile, for data analysis, the researchers applied distributional method. The results of this study show that: (1) not all requesting sentences on Djarum 76 advertisements omitted their subjects which referred to the speakers; (2) the requests could be expressed in different ways, such as by using a minor sentence and not a clause which refer to the previous sentence as well as using nominal phrase (e.g.kuda poni) as what appeared on six advertisements. In addition, requesting sentences on advertisement of Djarum 76 had some different markers for requesting sentences compared to what is stated in the existing theories, such in the use of the words mau, pengin, dan jadikan contrasted to the common term minta.

Dajare Dalam Nama Produk Iklan Makanan Dan Minuman Jepang

(Title: Dajare Analysis in Advertising Product Name Japanese Food and Drink) Dajare is one of the language phenomena found in Japan. Dajare can be defined as one type of humor that is widely used to create a new sentence with identical phrases or the same words from the previous sentence. This study aims to find out how the form and meaning contained in dajare contained in the name of a Japanese food or beverage ads. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive method. Dajare formation is generally done by utilizing the sound similarity of a word to another word so as to form a new word that has a certain meaning. In this study, dajare was divided into two types, namely paradigmatic dajare and syntagmatic dajare. These types are formed based on three classifications, namely dajare homophones, dajare almost homophones and dajare inserts. The meaning that appears also varies, there are related meanings between word references and target words, there are also unrelated meanings between word references and word targets.