8 Parallel Pathways? The Emergence of Multilevel Trade Politics in Austria and Germany

Mexico and the European Union signed a new Political and Economic Association Agreement in December 1997 and ultimately a free-trade agreement in March 2000, aiming to establish a new model of relations with a more dynamic trade and investment component. This article analyzes the 1997 agreement as background to the final accord. Economic and political changes in the 1990s modified both parties’ participation in the international political economy, helping to overcome some of the structural obstacles to the relationship. The policy toward Latin America adopted by the EU in 1994 was influential. The negotiation process revealed divergences over the scope of the liberalization process and the so-called democracy clause.

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Low Force Unfolding of a Single-Domain Protein by Parallel Pathways

The Journal of Physical Chemistry B ◽

10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c11308 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 125 (7) ◽

pp. 1799-1805

Author(s):

Pavel I. Zhuravlev ◽

Michael Hinczewski ◽

D. Thirumalai

Keyword(s):

Single Domain ◽

Single Domain Protein ◽

Parallel Pathways ◽

Domain Protein

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Firms in Trade and Trade Politics

Annual Review of Political Science ◽

10.1146/annurev-polisci-050317-063728 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 22 (1) ◽

pp. 399-417 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

In Song Kim ◽

Iain Osgood

Keyword(s):

Political Economy ◽

Exchange Rates ◽

Interest Group ◽

Foreign Investment ◽

International Political Economy ◽

Political Organization ◽

Trade Regime ◽

Capital Movements ◽

Trade Politics ◽

Preference Map

We survey the literature on firms as primary actors in trade politics. In contrast with prevailing approaches, firm-centered models predict that trade internally divides industries and that larger firms are the strongest advocates for globalization. This new preference map alters extant predictions about the dynamics of interest group contestation over trade and suggests revised accounts for how political organization and institutions contribute to an open international order. We also explore the potential for new insights into the operation of the global trade regime, the politics of foreign investment, immigration and capital movements, and exchange rates. Poli-tical activities undertaken by firms are important areas for further research in international political economy: Their economic engagements directly affect the movement of goods, services, capital, and people across the globe.

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