PART 3: Society: Social Benefits of Transit: Case Study of Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority

1997 ◽  
Vol 1576 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-131
Author(s):  
Arthur C. Nelson
Keyword(s):  
Social Cost ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Vehicle Miles Traveled ◽  
Transit Systems ◽  
Total Social Cost

Advocates of transit suggest that there are several important social benefits of transit systems—savings in pollution, congestion, and general social costs. Estimates of such savings have been limited to general comparisons with the personal occupancy vehicle (POV) mode usually on a vehicle-miles-traveled basis. Those savings are simulated in the context of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA). It is estimated that between 1980 and 1994, MARTA generated about $2.2 billion in total social cost savings by diverting POV riders to transit. Compared with the POV alternative, MARTA generates an average of about $107 million annually in savings to society even after considering society’s subsidies to transit. Shortcomings of the analysis and policy implications are discussed.

The Dark Side of Luxury: Social Costs of Luxury Consumption

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (5) ◽  
pp. 767-779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Cannon ◽  
Derek D. Rucker
Keyword(s):  
Impression Management ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Social Consequences ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Luxury Consumption ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
Lay Beliefs ◽  
The Social

Extant research demonstrates that luxury goods are beneficial signals that bestow upon individuals social benefits that range from positive evaluations to compliance. In contrast to this perspective, the current work explores the idea that luxury goods can carry significant negative social costs for actors. Across four experiments, the social cost of luxury is examined. Although individuals who display luxury goods are ascribed higher status, they can pay a hefty tax when it comes to warmth. The social costs of luxury consumption appear to be driven by impression management concerns rather than envy. Consequently, whether the consumption of luxury goods yields positive or negative social consequences for an actor critically depends both on whether status or warmth is relevant for a decision and observers’ own lay beliefs about luxury consumption. Overall, this work reveals the more complex psychology of individuals’ interpretation and response to actors’ use of luxury goods.

Scheduling the vehicles of bus rapid transit systems: a case study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
İsmail Sevim ◽  
Hatice Tekiner‐Moğulkoç ◽  
Mehmet Güray Güler
Keyword(s):  
Bus Rapid Transit ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Transit Systems

Commuter-Centric Resilience Index for Rapid Transit System Networks: Case Study of the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit Network

2017 ◽  
Vol 2648 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Jian Sheng Yeung ◽  
Jason B. P. Lee ◽  
Yun Han Wee ◽  
Keng Seng Mak
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Transit Systems ◽  
Transit Network ◽  
The Public ◽  
Commute Time ◽  
Resilience Index ◽  
Rail Line ◽  
Mass Rapid Transit

Rapid transit systems (RTSs) will increasingly play an important role in the daily commute. However, RTSs are complex systems and are susceptible to degradation over time, and recurring RTS service disruptions are inevitable. Therefore, resilience should be considered in the design of an RTS network, to provide commuters alternative paths that enable them to work around service disruptions. This paper proposes a commuter-centric resilience index for RTS networks that is based on the concept of an acceptable commute time. The proposed index was applied to the Singapore Mass Rapid Transit network, and the findings revealed that the introduction of each new rail line increased the resilience of the RTS network. Ring lines or orbital lines appeared to be most effective in improving network resilience. The resilience index can also be determined for individual stations to help planners identify gaps in the RTS network and to provide useful insight for land use and transport planning. The proposed index would be applicable to RTS networks in other cities or regions, but while information on an RTS network can be sourced from the public domain, computation of the index requires the corresponding commuter trip data.

Social Costs of Aircraft Noise and Engine Emissions: Case Study of Amsterdam’s Schiphol Airport

2000 ◽  
Vol 1703 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Morrel ◽  
Cherie H.-Y. Lu
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Social Cost ◽  
Aircraft Noise ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Hedonic Price ◽  
Engine Emissions ◽  
Direct Evaluation ◽  
The Social

With the increasing trend of charging for externalities and the aim of encouraging the sustainable development of the air transport industry, there is a need to evaluate the real social costs of the undesirable side effects of aircraft noise and engine emissions. The mathematical models, based on extensive literature reviews of existing externality measurements, are developed to derive the social costs of noise and engine emissions from aircraft movements in monetary terms by using Amsterdam’s Schiphol Airport as a case study. Furthermore, the results of a survey on the current noise and engine emissions charges are briefly described and compared. The hedonic price method is applied to calculate the annual social cost of aircraft noise during the landing and takeoff stages of the flight. In contrast, the direct evaluation method is applied to estimate the social cost of each engine exhaust pollutant during different flight modes. The empirical results have shown that the average social cost of noise per aircraft landing at Amsterdam’s Schiphol Airport is similar to that of emissions, assuming a 30-min cruise time to landing or after takeoff. However, the uncertainty in the estimation of social costs for emissions is higher than that for noise, mainly because of the unknown effects of the exhaust pollutants on the upper atmosphere and on the climate.

scholarly journals Bus Rapid Transit Systems Road Safety: A Case Study of Mexico City

10.5772/65583 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Santos-Reyes ◽  
Vladimir Ávalos-Bravo ◽  
Diego Padilla-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Mexico City ◽  
Road Safety ◽  
Bus Rapid Transit ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Transit Systems

scholarly journals Mass Rapid Transit System Passenger Traffic Forecast Using a Re-Sample Recurrent Neural Network

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Hu ◽  
Yi-Chang Chiu ◽  
Chih-Wei Hsieh ◽  
Tang-Hsien Chang ◽  
Xingsi Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Recurrent Neural Network ◽  
Training Dataset ◽  
Traffic Prediction ◽  
Rapid Transit ◽  
Transit System ◽  
Transit Systems ◽  
Passenger Traffic ◽  
Mass Rapid Transit

In this study, we developed a model re-sample Recurrent Neural Network (RRNN) to forecast passenger traffic on Mass Rapid Transit Systems (MRT). The Recurrent Neural Network was applied to build a model to perform passenger traffic prediction, where the forecast task was transformed into a classification task. However, in this process, the training dataset usually ended up being imbalanced. To address this dataset imbalance, our research proposes re-sample Recurrent Neural Network. A case study of the California Mass Rapid Transit System revealed that the model introduced in this work could timely and effectively predict passenger traffic of MRT. The measurements of passenger traffic themselves were also studied and showed that the new method provided a good understanding of the level of passenger traffic and was able to achieve prediction accuracy upwards of 90% higher than standard tests. The development of this model adds value to the methodology of traffic applications by employing these Recurrent Neural Networks.

Bottom Hole Assembly Design Enhancement Successfully Eliminate Hole Problems and Reduce Significant Drilling Time : South S Field Case Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. D. Mulia
Keyword(s):  
Contact Area ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Assembly Design ◽  
Drilling Performance ◽  
Bottom Hole ◽  
Unconsolidated Sand ◽  
Bottom Hole Assembly ◽  
Drilling Parameter ◽  
Drilling Time

For S-15 and S-14 wells at South S Field, drilling of the 12-1/4” hole section became the longest tangent hole section interval of both wells. There were several challenges identified where hole problems can occur. The hole problems often occur in the unconsolidated sand layers and porous limestone formation sections of the hole during tripping in/out operations. Most of the hole problems are closely related to the design of the Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA). In many instances, hole problems resulted in significant additional drilling time. As an effort to resolve this issue, a new BHA setup was then designed to enhance the BHA drilling performance and eventually eliminate hole problems while drilling. The basic idea of the enhanced BHA is to provide more annulus clearance and limber BHA. The purpose is to reduce the Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD,) less contact area with formation, and reduce packoff risk while drilling through an unconsolidated section of the rocks. Engineering simulations were conducted to ensure that the enhanced BHA were able to deliver a good drilling performance. As a results, improved drilling performance can be seen on S-14 well which applied the enhanced BHA design. The enhanced BHA was able to drill the 12-1/4” tangent hole section to total depth (TD) with certain drilling parameter. Hole problems were no longer an issue during tripping out/in operation. This improvement led to significant rig time and cost savings of intermediate hole section drilling compared to S-15 well. The new enhanced BHA design has become one of the company’s benchmarks for drilling directional wells in South S Field.

Social Benefits and Social Costs of Drug Control Laws

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
John C. Kramer
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Social Benefits ◽  
Black Markets ◽  
Control Laws ◽  
Benefits And Costs ◽  
Levels Of Control

While drug control laws tend to reduce the incidence of drug use, their enforcement is not without cost to society. Among the most obvious costs is the development of black markets in drugs and the criminalization of users. Modest control laws can substantially reduce drug use without incurring serious social costs. However, increasing the severity of control laws adds less and less to the benefits achieved and more and more to the costs to society. Ultimately the costs outweigh the benefits. We should aim for optimum levels of control by weighing both the benefits and costs of our drug control laws.

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