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Author(s):  
Maxime C. Cohen ◽  
Michael-David Fiszer ◽  
Avia Ratzon ◽  
Roy Sasson

Problem definition: Traffic congestion is a serious global issue. A potential solution, which requires zero investment in infrastructure, is to convince solo car users to carpool. Academic/practical relevance: In this paper, we leverage the Waze Carpool service and run the largest ever digital field experiment to nudge commuters to carpool. Methodology: Our field experiment involves more than half a million users across four U.S. states between June 10 and July 3, 2019. We identify users who can save a significant commute time by carpooling through the use of a high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lane, users who can still use an HOV lane but have a low time saving, and users who do not have access to an HOV lane on their commute. We send them in-app notifications with different framings: mentioning the HOV lane, highlighting the time saving, emphasizing the monetary welcome bonus (for users who do not have access to an HOV lane), and a generic carpool invitation. Results: We find a strong relationship between the affinity to carpool and the potential time saving through an HOV lane. Managerial implications: Specifically, we estimate that mentioning the HOV lane increases the click-through rate (i.e., proportion of users who clicked on the button inviting them to try the carpool service) and the onboarding rate (i.e., proportion of users who signed up and created an account with the carpool service) by 133%–185% and 64%–141%, respectively, relative to a generic invitation. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for carpool platforms and public policy.


10.52278/2964 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lescano Germán Ezequiel

El Aprendizaje Colaborativo Soportado por Computadora (ACSC) es una situación de aprendizaje donde dos o más estudiantes trabajan juntos con el objetivo de aprender. La comunicación mantenida por los grupos para llevar a cabo su trabajo puede ser sincrónica o asincrónica. La comunicación de tipo sincrónica demanda que los miembros concuerden en un horario para poder interactuar. Un ejemplo de aplicación que puede soportar este tipo de comunicación es el chat. En la comunicación asincrónica no es necesario que los miembros del grupo concuerden en un horario para poder interactuar. En ambos tipos de comunicaciones, los miembros pueden participar en el dialogo colaborativo estando en distintos lugares. Un ejemplo de aplicación que soporta la comunicación asíncrona es el foro. La interacción entre los estudiantes influye positivamente en los procesos cognitivos de los participantes cuando la colaboración es exitosa. Muchos factores pueden incidir en el éxito de un proceso de aprendizaje colaborativo. Uno de estos factores es la estabilidad emocional del grupo. Sin embargo, esta estabilidad emocional puede verse afectada por la ocurrencia de una diversidad de eventos, entre ellos, los conflictos. Los conflictos son desacuerdos entre dos o más miembros de un grupo causado por disposiciones individuales y la diversidad de objetivos, puntos de vista y experiencias previas. Cuando el conflicto se manifiesta en el seno del grupo hay una tendencia a que el sistema cognitivo se vea resentido. Esto ocurre debido a un incremento en la carga cognitiva que genera el conflicto. A su vez, este fenómeno conduce a que la capacidad de procesamiento del grupo se bloquee. Si bien existe una connotación negativa en los conflictos, es importante reconocer que existen distintos tipos de ellos. Se pueden identificar los conflictos cognitivos o de tarea, los conflictos de proceso y los conflictos de relaciones. De estos tipos de conflictos, se reconoce que los conflictos cognitivos pueden contribuir positivamente en el aprendizaje. Sin embargo, los otros dos tipos de conflictos también influyen en el rendimiento del grupo, tal es el caso de los conflictos de relaciones que impactan negativamente. A pesar de la negatividad de ciertos tipos de conflictos, la ocurrencia de conflictos abre la oportunidad a que los estudiantes aprendan a trabajar en grupo, una competencia demandada por el mercado laboral actual. Sin embargo, para que esto ocurra el docente debe guiar a los estudiantes hacia la resolución de los conflictos cuando aquellos no puedan hacerlo por sí mismos. Esto significa que el docente necesita poder responder en tiempo real a las situaciones de conflicto para ofrecer recomendaciones en cuanto al intercambio de roles, la compartición del liderazgo, realizar cambios en la carga de trabajo, promover la reflexión, entre otros. Para lograr esta función, el docente necesita realizar un seguimiento de las situaciones de conflicto. Sin embargo, realizar este seguimiento es una tarea que insume tiempo y mucho trabajo. Lo analizado anteriormente pone de manifiesto la necesidad de proveer a los entornos de ACSC, que emplean herramientas de comunicación síncronas basadas en texto para promover los procesos de aprendizaje en grupo, la funcionalidad de reconocimiento de conflictos para facilitar el monitoreo por parte del docente y propiciar su oportuna intervención. En esta tesis se planteó la hipótesis de que en las situaciones de ACSC síncronas basadas en texto, los mensajes de texto intercambiados entre los miembros del grupo pueden tener la suficiente información para detectar conflictos. Particularmente, se idearon dos técnicas que permiten reconocer conflictos teniendo en cuenta el intercambio de información socio-afectiva. La primera técnica implementada modela un diálogo colaborativo como un grafo dirigido donde los nodos representan a los estudiantes y las aristas indican la transferencia de sentimientos negativos durante las interacciones. Luego, aplicando conceptos de la teoría de grafos se emplea una matriz de commute time escalada para detectar miembros del grupo en conflicto. La segunda técnica se basa en la aplicación de aprendizaje máquina supervisado. Particularmente, se realiza la aplicación de algoritmos de aprendizaje ensamblados, formalizando el proceso de extracción de características y definiendo el concepto de valencia de interacciones atómicas como principal característica empleada para entrenar el clasificador supervisado. Para evaluar las técnicas propuestas se llevó a cabo una validación experimental que demandó la recolección de interacciones de estudiantes en situaciones de ACSC. Estas interacciones fueron analizadas aplicando una técnica de análisis de contenido y sirvieron de base para el posterior entrenamiento y validación de los clasificadores. Los resultados de las técnicas propuestas resultaron satisfactorios, obteniéndose un valor de F1 de 0.72 para la primera técnica, y un F1 de 0.81 para la segunda. Estos resultados muestran que es posible reconocer conflictos teniendo en cuenta el intercambio de emociones negativas. Esta tesis proporciona importantes contribuciones al campo del ACSC al permitir reconocer conflictos mediante la aplicación de técnicas de Aprendizaje Máquina (AM), Análisis de Redes Sociales (ARS) y Análisis de Sentimiento (AS).


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kate Whitwell

<p>Tackling the challenge of climate change will require rapid emissions reductions across all sectors, including transport. This study adds to the literature by investigating factors that may encourage sustainable transport choices at a time of change and therefore reduce emissions. A mix of quantitative and qualitative methods was used to explore the impact of a relocation of employees from several dispersed work locations back to one office building in the central business district on transport choices and carbon emissions in Christchurch, New Zealand.  This case study found that such a recentralisation of employment can result in employees making more sustainable transport choices and can contribute to decreases in transport emissions from commuting, even in a highly car-dependent city. The relocation led to a 12 percent rise in the proportion of employees commuting actively or by public transport and resulted in a significant drop in commuting emissions (16 percent). The primary contributing factor was the change in location of the office itself, reducing the average commuting distance and increasing accessibility to public transport and active travel. A further contributing factor was the perceived reduction in parking availability at the new location. Further results support the existing literature on barriers to sustainable transport, identifying any factor that impacts on the feasibility of the journey by alternative modes, such as commute time or safety, as a significant barrier to uptake. Overall findings suggest that relocating offices provides a good opportunity to encourage employees to consider changing to a more sustainable commute mode, and that significant numbers may make such a shift if commute time or distance are reduced. Realising substantial mode shift however will depend on cities providing feasible and efficient sustainable alternatives to driving a car to work.</p>


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kate Whitwell

<p>Tackling the challenge of climate change will require rapid emissions reductions across all sectors, including transport. This study adds to the literature by investigating factors that may encourage sustainable transport choices at a time of change and therefore reduce emissions. A mix of quantitative and qualitative methods was used to explore the impact of a relocation of employees from several dispersed work locations back to one office building in the central business district on transport choices and carbon emissions in Christchurch, New Zealand.  This case study found that such a recentralisation of employment can result in employees making more sustainable transport choices and can contribute to decreases in transport emissions from commuting, even in a highly car-dependent city. The relocation led to a 12 percent rise in the proportion of employees commuting actively or by public transport and resulted in a significant drop in commuting emissions (16 percent). The primary contributing factor was the change in location of the office itself, reducing the average commuting distance and increasing accessibility to public transport and active travel. A further contributing factor was the perceived reduction in parking availability at the new location. Further results support the existing literature on barriers to sustainable transport, identifying any factor that impacts on the feasibility of the journey by alternative modes, such as commute time or safety, as a significant barrier to uptake. Overall findings suggest that relocating offices provides a good opportunity to encourage employees to consider changing to a more sustainable commute mode, and that significant numbers may make such a shift if commute time or distance are reduced. Realising substantial mode shift however will depend on cities providing feasible and efficient sustainable alternatives to driving a car to work.</p>


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwen D. Erlam ◽  
Nick Garrett ◽  
Norina Gasteiger ◽  
Kelvin Lau ◽  
Kath Hoare ◽  
...  

The COVID-19 pandemic and related lock downs have accelerated the need for online and remote teaching within university settings. However, due to the abrupt nature of the pandemic, many academic staff were not prepared for this forced transition. This study aimed to understand how the pandemic affected academics at a New Zealand university, with regards to their transition to emergency remote teaching. Specifically, it explores the challenges as well as benefits academics experienced during this transition. Recommendations for future online learning are also made. Academic staff (N = 67) at a New Zealand University completed an anonymous online survey. Quantitative data were analyzed statistically using descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Major challenges experienced included miscommunication from the university, concerns about student access to technology, finding a quiet space to work, lack of digital competence skills, too much screen-time, managing work hours, and work/life balance. Benefits included enhanced flexibility, enhanced teacher creativity, increasing autonomy of learners, and reduced commute time. Looking forward, academic staff desired future teaching to include blended learning and virtual immersion. New strategies of working remotely are being explored to facilitate teaching and learning while catering to the preferences and skills of both educators and students. Our findings honor the considerable agility of academic staff who sought to sustain and enhance excellence in remote education. At an institutional level our findings point to the need for staff to be supported by their institutions as they further refine their work within new-found spaces.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley Orr ◽  
Tamara Savage

The COVID-19 pandemic has dramatically increased the number of people working from home, with over 50% of employees working remotely during 2020. With the current popularity of remote work and the high prevalence of high-speed internet, video conferencing technology, remote collaboration tools, email, and other technologies, remote work will likely remain common after the pandemic ends and offices fully reopen. There are many benefits of remote work, including increased productivity, better work-life balance, reduced commute time and traffic congestion, decreased emissions, and cost savings for employees and employers. However, access to the privilege of remote work is unevenly distributed across occupations and socioeconomic groups. Among those who can work remotely, there may be disparities in performance appraisals and promotions compared to in-person workers. Congress has a unique opportunity to address these inequities via expansion of the Telework Enhancement Act, which currently covers federal government employees, to include firms in the private sector. This Act enables all employees whose jobs can be performed remotely to do so and mandates that remote workers and in-person workers be treated the same for the purposes of training, performance appraisal, and promotion.


2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 92981-92996
Author(s):  
Maisa Sales Gama Tobias ◽  
Verena Coelho Lobão Azevedo ◽  
Marco Aurélio Arbage Lobo

The article discusses how the suburb socio-spatial segregation influences the urban mobility of a population, using Belém-PA, Brazil as a case study. The methodology started from the integration of socioeconomic and transport microdata for areas containing selected household and their spatial location, that were obtained from the 2010 Brazilian Census. In the spatial analysis of these microdata, the variation in the average commute time for each resident was observed, given the geographic location of the central business district (CBD) and other commercial and industrial agglomerations. In the results, the generated maps, compared to the on-site visit, allowed to identify the subareas with major and minor mobility and the priorities for investment in transport infrastructure.


Author(s):  
A. Kalikova

This paper describes an investigation of analytical formulas for parameters in random walks. Random walks are used to model situations in which an object moves in a sequence of steps in randomly chosen directions. Given a graph and a starting point, we select a neighbor of it at random, and move to this neighbor; then we select a neighbor of this point at random, and move to it etc. It is a fundamental dynamic process that arise in many models in mathematics, physics, informatics and can be used to model random processes inherent to many important applications. Different aspects of the theory of random walks on graphs are surveyed. In particular, estimates on the important parameters of hitting time, commute time, cover time are discussed in various works. In some papers, authors have derived an analytical expression for the distribution of the cover time for a random walk over an arbitrary graph that was tested for small values of n. However, this work will show the simplified analytical expressions for distribution of hitting time, commute time, cover time for bigger values of n. Moreover, this work will present the probability mass function and the cumulative distribution function for hitting time, commute time.


Author(s):  
Bingqing Liu ◽  
Divya Bade ◽  
Joseph Y. J. Chow

With the rise of cycling as a mode choice for commuting and short-distance delivery, as well as policy objectives encouraging this trend, bike count models are increasingly critical to transportation planning and investment. Studies have found that network connectivity plays a role in such models, but there remains a lack of measure for the connectivity of a link in a multimodal trip context. This study proposes a connectivity measure that captures the importance of a link in connecting the origins of cyclists and nearby subway stations, and incorporates it in a negative binomial regression model to forecast bike counts at links. Representative bike trips are generated with regard to bike-friendliness using the New York City transit trip planner and used to determine the deviation from the shortest path via the designated link. The measure is shown to improve model fitness with a significance level within 10%. Insights are also drawn for income levels, bike lanes, subway station availability, and average commute time of travelers.


2021 ◽  
pp. 105371
Author(s):  
Maira Karan ◽  
Danny Rahal ◽  
David M. Almeida ◽  
Julienne E. Bower ◽  
Michael R. Irwin ◽  
...  

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