scholarly journals Relative Tomato Spotted Wilt Incidence and Field Performance among Peanut Cultivars as Influenced by Different Input Production Practices in Georgia.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
William D. Branch ◽  
W. D. Branch ◽  
N. Brown ◽  
D. J. Mailhot ◽  
A. K. Culbreath
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Input Field ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Yield Trials

During 2017-19, 30 replicated yield trials were conducted to determine relative tomato spotted wilt (TSW) incidence and general field performance among 19 runner and virginia market type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars.  Four different input production practices were compared across three Georgia locations (Tifton, Plains, and Midville).  Two early-planted (April) field tests were conducted at Tifton and Plains each year.  One early-planted trial involved maximum-input practices of recommended pesticides with irrigation, and the other early-planted field trial did not receive any fungicides, insecticides, or irrigation.  Early-planted maximum-input production practices with irrigation resulted in the highest percentage of mid-season TSW and late-season total disease incidences while also producing the highest pod yields and dollar values.  Two other optimum-planted (May) maximum-input field tests were conducted at Tifton, Plains, and Midville, GA as part of the official statewide variety trials (OVT). These OVT utilized maximum-input production practices of pesticides both with and without irrigation.  In the OVT, midseason TSW incidence showed no difference between irrigated and non-irrigated; however, the end-of-season total disease percentages which were predominantly TSW did show significantly higher disease percentage, produced the highest pod yields and dollar values within the irrigated field tests compared to the non-irrigated tests.  In the overall four tests comparison, disease results showed significantly lower TSW incidence in the early-planted tests without fungicides and insecticides input production practices and no-irrigation; whereas, both optimum planted OVT(s) had the lowest total disease incidence.  Overall average field performance for pod yields and dollar values were significantly highest in the optimum-planted tests with maximum-inputs including irrigation.  Significant differences were also found among the 19 peanut cultivars.  ‘Georgia-06G’, ‘Georgia-12Y’, and ‘Georgia-18RU’ had the lowest relative TSW incidence compared to the other runner-type cultivars.  ‘Georgia-19HP’ had the lowest TSW incidence and total disease incidence among the virginia-type cultivars.  Among the runner cultivars, Georgia-12Y had the lowest total disease incidence at the end of the season.  The highest pod yields were found with Georgia-06G and ‘Georgia-16HO’; whereas, Georgia-18RU and Georgia-06G had the highest dollar values among the runner-type peanut cultivars.  Georgia-19HP had the highest pod yield and dollar value among the virginia-type cultivars.

Reaction of Peanut Cultivars to Spotted Wilt

2000 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
J. W. Todd ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
S. L. Brown ◽  
J. Baldwin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Frankliniella Fusca ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Moderately Resistant

Abstract Field tests were conducted in 1997 and 1998 in Georgia and Florida to compare the effects of 10 and 12 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars, respectively, on epidemics of spotted wilt caused by tomato spotted wilt Tospovirus. Epidemics of spotted wilt were suppressed for the moderately resistant standard Georgia Green, and in Southern Runner, Florida MDR 98, ViruGard, and NC-V11. The reponse of these five cultivars to spotted wilt were similar and resulted in lower final disease intensity and areas under the disease progress curves than in the susceptible standard Georgia Runner, and in SunOleic 97R and Tamrun 96. Southern Runner and Florida MDR-98 consistently had higher yields than the TSWV-susceptible Georgia Runner. Georgia Green and NC-V11 had higher yields than Georgia Runner in three of the four tests. No consistent differences were found among the cultivars for numbers of adult tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) or western flower thrips (F. occidentalis). Differences among cultivars for numbers of larvae of Frankliniella spp. also were few and inconsistent. There was no indication that differences in thrips populations were responsible for differences in severity of spotted wilt in the field.

Field Performance of Advanced Runner- and Virginia-Type Peanut Breeding Lines During Epidemics of TSWV

1997 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
J. W. Todd ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
F. M. Shokes ◽  
H. R. Pappu
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Tobacco Thrips ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Production Areas

Abstract Spotted wilt, caused by tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV), has become a major problem in peanut- (Arachis hypogaea L.) producing areas of the southern U.S. Development of cultivars with resistance to TSWV appears to be among the most promising methods for managing this disease. As part of efforts toward characterizing breeding lines with potential for release as cultivars, epidemics of spotted wilt were monitored in field plots of runner-type peanut cultivars Southern Runner and Florunner and advanced breeding lines: 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B (virginia-type), F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B (runner-type), and F 84/28-5-5-2-2-1-b2-B (runner-type), F 84/28-5-4-2-2-b3-B (runner-type). The tests were conducted near Attapulgus, GA and Marianna, FL in 1995 and 1996. In 1996, the tests also included the runner-type cultivar AT-108. Epidemics of spotted wilt were suppressed in F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B, F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B, F 84/28-5-5-2-2-1-b2-B, and Southern Runner in comparison to those in Florunner. Final disease incidence and/or final disease intensity ratings in F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B and F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B were similar to those of Southern Runner. In 1996, final spotted wilt intensity ratings in F 84/28-5-4-2-2-b3-B and AT-108 did not differ from those of Florunner. Yields of F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B and F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B were superior to those of Florunner in three of the four tests. No differences were found among the genotypes in numbers of adults of tobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca) or western flower thrips (F. occidentalis), and differences in numbers of larvae of Frankliniella spp. were few and not consistent. There was no evidence that differences in final disease incidence or disease intensity ratings were due to differential preference by thrips or to suitability for thrips reproduction. F 79/4-6-2-1-1-Z16-b2-B and F 84/23-11-1-1-1-b2-B represent potential tools for management of spotted wilt in peanut production areas of the southeastern U.S.

A Comprehensive Breeding Procedure Utilizing Recurrent Selection for Peanuts1

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Monteverde-Penso ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
R. W. Mozingo
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Recurrent Selection ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Type Population ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Population Improvement ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Pure Lines ◽  
Yield Trials

Abstract A comprehensive breeding procedure for peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) consisting of three stages — till development of a genetically broad-based virginia-type population, recurrent selection without extensive crossing for continued population improvement, and isolation of pure lines from high yielding families at each cycle of selection was initiated in 1974. Forty S1 families in S3 generation were selected from each cycle of selection. Only five families from cycle 0 outyielded the check cultivar. Florigiant, whereas yield of all selected families from the next two cycles exceeded the yield of Florigiant. Pure lines isolated from high yielding cycle 0 families have yielded more than Florigiant in advanced yield trials. Use of this procedure provides a systematic approach in developing higher yielding peanut cultivars with a broad genetic base.

Partial resistance of Southern Runner, Arachis hypogaea, to stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii1

1990 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
W. D. Branch ◽  
A. S. Csinos
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Sclerotium Rolfsii ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Disease Loci

Abstract The susceptibility of 16 peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes (eight Virginia and eight runner types) to southern stem rot (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) was evaluated in field tests over three years. Mean disease incidence for all cultivars was 10.0, 15.4 and 16.4 disease loci per 12.2 m row and average yields were 3488, 2826 and 3569 kg/ha in 1986, 1987 and 1988, respectively. Disease incidence averaged 14.3 disease loci per 12.2 m of row for both market types. The mean yield for the eight Virginia types was 3287 kg/ha versus 3214 for the eight runner types. Culitvars within market types varied significantly in disease incidence and pod yield. Of the Virginia types, NC 6 and Florigiant were the most susceptible with NC 9, VA 81B and Early Bunch being the most resistant. Incidence of stem rot in runner cultivars was high except for Southern Runner and Langley which had about 50% less disease than the most susceptible entries. There was a highly significant correlation (P≤0.01) between yields and disease incidence all three years. Overall, Southern Runner had the lowest disease incidence and highest pod yield of any cultivar. Compared to Florunner, the current industry standard for runner types, Southern Runner had about 50% less disease and yields were 1346 kg/ha higher.

Variation Among Virginia Market-Type Peanut Genotypes in Susceptibility to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Vectored by Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

2008 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 92-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. D. Riniker ◽  
R. L. Brandenburg ◽  
G. G. Kennedy ◽  
T. G. Isleib ◽  
D. L. Jordan
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Breeding Line ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Foliar Symptoms ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Wilt Virus

Abstract Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a thrips-vectored tospovirus, is an important pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Development of tolerant cultivars has proven to be one of the most promising methods to manage the disease. Twenty-four genotypes of virginia market-type peanut were monitored in field tests for thrips damage, and TSWV incidence and severity during 2004 and 2005 in North Carolina. The cultivar Gregory had a higher density of adult thrips in foliage than any other genotype, while breeding lines N01057 and N03054E had the lowest density. No significant correlation was detected between thrips density or injury and TSWV incidence. Line N03036EJ had the greatest TSWV incidence, but did not differ from cultivars Gregory or Perry in incidence. Line N00033 had the least TSWV incidence and differed from the cultivars Gregory and Perry. The occurrence of late-season chlorosis or peanut yellowing death (PYD) was highly correlated with TSWV infection (P < 0.0001). Breeding line N02051ol had the greatest incidence of PYD, but did not differ statistically from Gregory or Perry. Lines N03023EF and N01083 had the least PYD incidence. Plants infected with TSWV not expressing foliar symptoms were found in far greater abundance than plants that were infected and symptomatic. Line N03036EJ had the greatest proportion of infected but asymptomatic plants; line N03054E had the least. Susceptible lines are more likely to become infected, rather than just more likely to show spotted wilt symptoms.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Arachis Species for Resistance to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus

2002 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Lyerly ◽  
H. T. Stalker ◽  
J. W. Moyer ◽  
K. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Diploid Species ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Arachis Species ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Cultivated Species ◽  
Wilt Virus

Abstract Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an important plant pathogen with a wide host range, including the domesticated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). After initial outbreaks on peanut during the 1980s, the virus has spread to all peanut-producing states in the U.S. TSWV is transmitted by several species of thrips which are difficult to control with insecticides; therefore, control of TSWV most likely will come from selecting resistant genotypes in breeding programs. Although moderate levels of resistance have been discovered in A. hypogaea, complete virus resistance has not been found. Several Arachis species have desirable genes for plant resistances and tolerate many disease and insect pests better than the cultivated species. The objectives of this study were to (a) evaluate TSWV disease incidence and severity in accessions of Arachis species, and (b) compare levels of TSWV resistance in diploid species to selected A. hypogaea genotypes. In this study, 46 diploid Arachis spp. accessions were evaluated in the greenhouse by artificial inoculation tests for resistance to TSWV. Nine Arachis accessions were observed with no disease symptoms when TSWV isolate 10 was used as opposed to A. hypogaea lines that ranged from moderately to highly susceptible. Additional testing with more virulent isolates identified A. diogoi accession GKP 10602 and A. correntina accession GKP 9530 as highly resistant to the virus. These two accessions are being used as parents in crossing programs to incorporate TSWV resistance genes into A. hypogaea.

No-Pesticide Preliminary Yield Trials in Peanut1

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Branch ◽  
S. M. Fletcher
Keyword(s):  
Field Tests ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Net Returns ◽  
Endemic Diseases ◽  
Leaf Spots ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Wilt Virus ◽  
Yield Trials

Abstract Pest-resistant peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars are critically important to reduce the increasing cost of production. Current pesticides used in the U.S. are effective but very expensive. The objective of this study was to evaluate several advanced Georgia breeding lines when grown without nematicides, fungicides, or insecticides. Preliminary yield trials without pesticides were conducted for 3 yr (1996-98) at the Univ. of Georgia, Coastal Plain Exp. Sta. under irrigation. However, preplant and occasionally post-applied herbicides were used for weed control. Thrips damage was noticeably uniform and severe early in the growing season each year, but plants seemingly recovered by midseason. Probably the most endemic diseases in the Southeast are both early and late leaf spots [Cercospora arachidicola Hori and Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & Curt.) Deighton, respectively] and tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). Results from replicated field tests strongly suggest that it would be economically feasible to significantly reduce pesticide cost by growing multiple pest-resistant advanced Georgia breeding lines as compared to the five check cultivars Florunner, GK-7, Southern Runner, Florida MDR 98, and Georgia Browne. However, dollar values were variable and low with no pesticides because of the overall reduction in yield. An alternative approach for greater net returns possibly may be achieved by only reducing currently recommended input costs rather than eliminating pesticides with pest resistant cultivars.

scholarly journals Effect of Cultivars and Field Traffic on the Fruiting Patterns of Virgina Type Peanuts1

1981 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-105
Author(s):  
R. Walton Mozingo
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Intermediate Type ◽  
Growth Type ◽  
New Production ◽  
Similar Position ◽  
Probability Field ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Peanut Cultivars ◽  
Production Practices ◽  
Growth Habits

Abstract Knowledge of the fruiting patterns of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) is useful in determining the most feasible band widths for pesticides and other amendments, designing new peanut equipment and adapting new production practices for specific cultivars. The fruiting patterns and the effect of field traffic on these patterns were determined on five large-seeded Virginia type peanut cultivars with variant growth habits. Cultivars differed in fruiting patterns with the bunch growth type having a significantly higher percentage of their pods near the taproot than the runner types. The bunch types, NC 17 and NC-FLA 14 had 73.5 and 66.5% of their total fruit within a 13-cm wide section centered over the taproot whereas, the runners, VA 72R and Florigiant, and the intermediate type, NC 5, had 42.8, 45.5 and 45.3%, respectively, in a similar position. At the 0.05 level of probability, field traffic had no significant effect on the fruit distribution of the bunch cultivars, but NC 5, VA 72R and Florigiant (at 0.10 level) produced significantly less fruit on the side of the row subjected to field traffic during the fruiting season.

scholarly journals First Report of Botrytis Blight of Peanut Caused by Botrytis cinerea in Georgia

Plant Disease ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 89 (8) ◽  
pp. 910-910 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Woodward ◽  
T. B. Brenneman ◽  
R. C. Kemerait ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
J. R. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
American Phytopathological Society ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
First Report ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Wilt Virus

Because of the importance of spotted wilt caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), most peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) breeding programs in the southeastern United States are focusing on developing resistance to TSWV. Many of the cultivars with improved resistance to TSWV are late maturing, requiring 150 days to reach optimum maturity. This factor could greatly impact disease problems at harvest. During November of 2004, an unknown disease was observed on peanut cvs. Georgia 02-C and Hull in a commercial field in Appling County. Symptoms included wilting stems with water-soaked lesions and a dense, gray mold growing on infected tissues. Final disease incidence was less than 5%. For isolation, diseased tissue was surface sterilized by soaking in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 1 min, air dried, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and incubated at 20°C. Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr., causal agent of Botrytis blight, was isolated from the margins of infected tissue. Mycelia were initially white but became gray after 72 h at which time tall, branched, septate conidiophores formed. Mature, unicellular, ellipsoid, hyaline conidia (8.9 × 10.4 μm) formed in botryose heads (1). Hard, black, irregular-shaped sclerotia formed after 2 weeks. Stems of greenhouse-grown peanut plants (cv. Georgia Green) were inoculated with PDA plugs colonized with either B. cinerea or B. allii Munn. Inoculations were made 3 cm below the last fully expanded leaf on wounded and nonwounded tissue. Noncolonized PDA plugs served as controls (n = 9). Plants were arranged in a dew chamber at 20°C in a randomized complete block design. Lesions and spore masses identical to those observed in the field appeared 3 to 5 days after being inoculated with B. cinerea. The B. allii inoculations caused only superficial lesions. After 5 days, mean lesion lengths for B. cinerea were 59 and 37 mm for wounded and nonwounded inoculations, respectively. B. cinerea was recovered from 100% of the symptomatic tissues. Botrytis blight is considered a late-season disease that occurs in cool, wet weather (3). Symptoms similar to those of Botrytis blight were observed on mature and over-mature peanut in Georgia and have been cited as “unpublished observations” (2); however, to our knowledge, this is the first report of the disease in Georgia. Although Botrytis blight is not considered a major peanut disease, it may become more prevalent at harvest as producers utilize late-maturing cultivars to manage spotted wilt. References: (1) H. L. Barnett and B. B. Hunter. Illustrated Guide of Imperfect Fungi. 4th ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 1998. (2) K. H. Garren and C. Wilson. Peanut Diseases. Pages 262–333 in: The Peanut, the Unpredictable Legume. The National Fertilizer Assoc. Washington D.C. 1951. (3) D. M. Porter. Botrytis blight. Pages 10–11 in: Compendium of Peanut Diseases. 2nd ed. N. Kokalis-Burelle et al., eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. 1997.

Peanut plants in Queensland infected with tomato spotted wilt virus

1961 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 239 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Helms ◽  
NE Grylls ◽  
GS Purss
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Infective Virus ◽  
Tomato Spotted Wilt ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Tagetes Minuta ◽  
New Hosts ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Wilt Virus

A disease of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Queensland, previously referred to as "chlorosis", was identified as being caused by the tomato spotted wilt virus. Symptoms of the disease on peanut are described. Erigeron bonariensis L., Tagetes minuta L., and Trifolium subterraneurn L. are recorded as new hosts. The disease was not seed-transmitted, although seeds developed lesions and were malformed. Infective virus was found in tissues of the integuments of immature seed. The maximum disease incidence recorded in an individual crop was 5.5%. The mean seed yield of diseased plants was 12.7 g per plant, whereas that of healthy plants was 128.2 g.

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