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Toxics ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Amira Abozaid ◽  
Robert Gerlai

Anxiety continues to represent a major unmet medical need. Despite the availability of numerous anxiolytic drugs, a large proportion of patients do not respond well to current pharmacotherapy, or their response diminishes with chronic drug application. To discover novel compounds and to investigate the mode of action of anxiolytic drugs, animal models have been proposed. The zebrafish is a novel animal model in this research. It is particularly appropriate, as it has evolutionarily conserved features, and drug administration can be employed in a non-invasive manner by immersing the fish into the drug solution. The first step in the analysis of anxiolytic drugs with zebrafish is to test reference compounds. Here, we investigate the effects of buspirone hydrochloride, an anxiolytic drug often employed in the human clinic. We utilize two genetically distinct populations of zebrafish, ABSK, derived from the quasi-inbred AB strain, and WT, a genetically heterogeneous wild-type population. We placed juvenile (10–13-day, post-fertilization, old) zebrafish singly in petri dishes containing one of four buspirone concentrations (0 mg/L control, 5 mg/L, 20 mg/L or 80 mg/L) for 1 h, with each fish receiving a single exposure to one concentration, a between subject experimental design. Subsequently, we recorded the behavior of the zebrafish for 30 min using video-tracking. Buspirone decreased distance moved, number of immobility episodes and thigmotaxis, and it increased immobility duration and turn angle in a quasi-linear dose dependent but genotype independent manner. Although it is unclear whether these changes represent anxiolysis in zebrafish, the results demonstrate that behavioral analysis of juvenile zebrafish may be a sensitive and simple way to quantify the effects of human anxiolytic drugs.


2022 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wellington Ferreira do Nascimento ◽  
Fabiana Gonçalves Bastos ◽  
Gabriel Dequigiovanni ◽  
Eliane Gomes Fabri ◽  
Maria Imaculada Zucchi ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT: Annatto (Bixa orellana L.) is an arboreal species domesticated in Amazonia from its wild ancestor (B. orellana var. urucurana). Bixin extracted from its orthodox seeds is a natural dye widely used in the food industry. This study evaluated methods to overcome seed dormancy and determine the germination potential, comparing domesticated and wild annatto populations. Seeds from two domesticated-type populations and two families of a wild-type population, stored for two years after field collection, were submitted to five treatments to overcome dormancy: T1 - control; T2 - mechanical scarification (with sandpaper); T3 - mechanical scarification (with sandpaper) + immersion in water at 36 ºC overnight (12 hours); T4 - immersion in water at room temperature (23 ºC, on average) for 24 h; T5 - immersion in concentrated sulfuric acid (95 - 98%) for 15 min + running water for 3 min. Highly significant differences (P < 0.001) were observed in the germination percentage of annatto seeds between wild and domesticated types, and among the treatments tested. Domesticated types showed higher germination percentage (10 - 58%) over all treatments when compared to the wild type (0 - 44%). The best treatments were those performed with mechanical scarification. Given the simplicity, we concluded that mechanical scarification with sandpaper is a good alternative to overcome dormancy of annatto seeds.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 7967-7976
Author(s):  
Jhaman Kundun ◽  
Mitchroy Thom ◽  
Cyril Roberts

The demand for coconut water and coconut oil is increasing thus there is interest in expanding coconut cultivation. Coconut is primarily planted on approximately 28,500 acres by more than 1,400 farmers along the Guyana coastline with the Atlantic Ocean and in the Pomeroon Riverain area. Tall types (e.g. Jamaica Tall) are planted for oil while Dwarf types (e.g. Malaysian Dwarf Green, Suriname Brown) are planted primarily for water. At least 50% of the Tall type population is more than 50 years old and needs to be replanted to increase productivity. Farmers traditionally collect seedlings growing from dropped nuts at the base of trees without attention to prolificacy. Since a coconut tree productive life is more than 50 years, the economic impact of this practice can be significant. Via training programs, CARDI is encouraging the structured production of coconut seedlings to increase yields. This project aims to enhance the supply of quality seedlings using local seed nuts. Mother palms that display prolific bearing habits, resistance to pest and diseases plus vigorous growth habit were geotagged and recorded in a database. Seed nuts were purchased from farmers who own these trees and subsequently distributed (in batches of 400) to ten selected (age, gender, location) lead farmers to establish coconut seedling nurseries. Each lead farmer was assisted by 10 second ring farmers in the establishment of their nurseries under CARDI supervision. Results to date show that weed control and irrigation were important nursery activities. Some nurseries needed to be fenced to counter damage by animals (cows, sheep, goats). Average germination of seed nuts was approximately 50%. Available seedlings are being distributed to second ring farmers and lead farmers. CARDI will continue the national survey to identify outstanding mother palms. Measures to increase average germination must also be implemented. Local coconut seedling nurseries should therefore be encouraged as their “success” will alleviate the pressure to import seed nuts thus avoiding the attendant risk of introducing exotic diseases (e.g. lethal yellowing disease) into Guyana. Further, given that a coconut palm will live 50 to 70 years, the importance of carefully selecting premium quality coconut seedlings as a bedrock to develop and grow the industry cannot be over emphasized.


2021 ◽  
Vol 154 (3) ◽  
pp. 470-482
Author(s):  
Fabrício Moreira Ferreira ◽  
Cassiano A. Dorneles Welker ◽  
Reyjane P. Oliveira

Background and aims – We here describe two new species of Eremitis from Bahia, Brazil, and compare them with morphologically similar species. We also provide illustrations, photos, a distribution map, and notes on habitat and conservation status of the new species.Material and methods – This study was based on fieldwork, analysis of herbarium specimens, and literature review. Specimens collected were analyzed and photographed during fieldwork and observed in cultivation in a greenhouse. The conservation assessment is based on field observations and spatial analyses, following the IUCN guidelines and criteria.Results – Eremitis clarkiae sp. nov. occurs in southern Bahia and has been collected only twice, in the municipality of Floresta Azul. The new species is similar to E. jardimii and E. robusta, both also endemic to Bahia, but can be distinguished by several vegetative and reproductive structures longer than those observed in these species, such as leafy culms, ligules, decumbent culm inflorescences, and pedicels of the staminate spikelets of the staminate whorls. Eremitis vinacea sp. nov. was collected in three localities in southern Bahia, but only the type population was found during recent field trips, in the municipality of Camacã. It is similar to E. afimbriata, a species endemic to Espírito Santo state, being differentiated by its leaf sheaths with persistent fimbriae (vs absent), leaf blades with green adaxial surface (vs bluish green with a blue iridescence), and a single inflorescence on decumbent culms (vs multiple). Both new species are endemic to the Bahian Coastal Forests subregion and should be considered Critically Endangered (CR), according to the IUCN guidelines and criteria.


2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (183) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Kostiou ◽  
Michael W. J. Hall ◽  
Philip H. Jones ◽  
Benjamin A. Hall

During ageing, normal epithelial tissues progressively accumulate clones carrying mutations that increase mutant cell fitness above that of wild-type cells. Such mutants spread widely through the tissues, yet despite this cellular homeostasis and functional integrity of the epithelia are maintained. Two of the genes most commonly mutated in human skin and oesophagus are p53 and Notch1 , both of which are also recurrently mutated in cancers of these tissues. From observations taken in human and mouse epithelia, we find that clones carrying p53 and Notch pathway mutations have different clone dynamics which can be explained by their different responses to local cell crowding. p53 mutant clone growth in mouse epidermis approximates a logistic curve, but feedbacks responding to local crowding are required to maintain tissue homeostasis. We go on to show that the observed ability of Notch pathway mutant cells to displace the wild-type population in the mouse oesophageal epithelium reflects a local density feedback that affects both mutant and wild-type cells equally. We then show how these distinct feedbacks are consistent with the distribution of mutations observed in human datasets and are suggestive of a putative mechanism to constrain these cancer-associated mutants.


Author(s):  
I Wayan Aris Saputra ◽  
IB Anom Purbawangsa

This research want to confirm and explore the impact of corporate internal factor that agency theory explained related to their influence on business risk disclosure in Indonesia. Factor that explained by agency theory that determine business risk disclosure  is company size, leverage, diversification, profitability, and industry type. Population on this research is all the company that listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2018 that consist of 525 companies. Sample determined using purposive sampling method with 55 company as final sample. Indicator that proxy the factor will be tested first using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. This research  using Multiple Linier Regression to test the hypothesis.  The result of this research show that company size, leverage, and industry type have positif impact to business risk disclosure. Diversification and profitability don’t have significan impact to business risk disclosure. Researcher expect the result of this research contributing as a newer literature as an empirical study related to business risk disclosure and can be reference for companies for make a proper business risk disclosure.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 6169-6178
Author(s):  
Jhaman Kundun ◽  
Mitchroy Thom ◽  
Cyril Roberts

The demand for coconut water and coconut oil is increasing thus there is interest in expanding coconut cultivation. Coconut is primarily planted on approximately 28,500 acres by more than 1,400 farmers along the Guyana coastline with the Atlantic Ocean and in the Pomeroon Riverain area. Tall types (e.g. Jamaica Tall) are planted for oil while Dwarf types (e.g. Malaysian Dwarf Green, Suriname Brown) are planted primarily for water. At least 50% of the Tall type population is more than 50 years old and needs to be replanted to increase productivity. Farmers traditionally collect seedlings growing from dropped nuts at the base of trees without attention to prolificacy. Since a coconut tree productive life is more than 50 years, the economic impact of this practice can be significant. Via training programs, CARDI is encouraging the structured production of coconut seedlings to increase yields. This project aims to enhance the supply of quality seedlings using local seed nuts. Mother palms that display prolific bearing habits, resistance to pest and diseases plus vigorous growth habit were geotagged and recorded in a database. Seed nuts were purchased from farmers who own these trees and subsequently distributed (in batches of 400) to ten selected (age, gender, location) lead farmers to establish coconut seedling nurseries. Each lead farmer was assisted by 10 second ring farmers in the establishment of their nurseries under CARDI supervision. Results to date show that weed control and irrigation were important nursery activities. Some nurseries needed to be fenced to counter damage by animals (cows, sheep, goats). Average germination of seed nuts was approximately 50%. Available seedlings are being distributed to second ring farmers and lead farmers. CARDI will continue the national survey to identify outstanding mother palms. Measures to increase average germination must also be implemented. Local coconut seedling nurseries should therefore be encouraged as their “success” will alleviate the pressure to import seed nuts thus avoiding the attendant risk of introducing exotic diseases (e.g. lethal yellowing disease) into Guyana. Further, given that a coconut palm will live 50 to 70 years, the importance of carefully selecting premium quality coconut seedlings as a bedrock to develop and grow the industry cannot be over emphasized.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Liu ◽  
MANDELA ADDRAH ◽  
Zhang Yuanyuan ◽  
Ruifang Jia ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
...  

Abstract Potato is one of the most important staple crops in the world. China is one of the leading producers of potato, but the industry faces soilborne diseases such as Verticillium wilt. The identification and comparison of the biological characteristics and pathogenicity of different mating types of Verticillium dahliae isolated from potato and sunflower in the major planting regions in China is of great importance. This is to help unravel the sudden increase in infected fields and the V. dahliae population diversity. Molecular techniques were used to isolate and identify the V. dahliae pathogens in sunflower and potato planting materials as well as field plants. The data obtained revealed that the mating type population in sunflower was MAT1-1 and that of potato was MAT1-2, but all the samples belonged to race two. There was a significant percentage of MAT1-1 isolates present in potato, which is a new trend. We conclude that the weather conditions and the conventional crop rotation practices of farmers using sunflower and potato could be the reason for the rise in infection and mating type transfer between sunflower and potato.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandrs Krigers ◽  
Matthias Demetz ◽  
Claudius Thomé ◽  
Christian F. Freyschlag

AbstractWith the rising life expectancy and availability of neuroimaging, increased number of older patients will present with diffuse and anaplastic gliomas. The aim of our study was therefore to investigate age-related prognostic clinical, neuropathological and radiological features of lower-grade gliomas. All consecutive patients with diffuse or anaplastic glioma WHO grade 2 and 3 who underwent first tumor resection between 2010 and 2018, were selected from the institutional neuro-oncological database and evaluated. The mean age of 55 males and 44 females was 46 years (SD ± 16). Wild-type IDH1 (p = 0.012), persistent nuclear ATRX expression (p = 0.012) and anaplasia (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with higher age. The CE volume before resection was found to be increased in older patients (r = 0.42, p < 0.0001), and CE rate was higher in the IDH wild-type population only (p = 0.02). The extent of resection did not differ with age. Overall, one year of life resulted in a PFS reduction of 9 days (p = 0.047); in IDH sub-group analysis, this dependency was confirmed only in wild-type tumors (p = 0.05). OS was significantly reduced in older patients (p = 0.033). In conclusion, behavior and prognosis of WHO grade 2 and 3 glioma were unfavorable in correlation to patient’s age, even if the extent of resection was comparable. Older age imparted a poorer PFS and higher CE rate only in the IDH wild-type population.


Fermentation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 140
Author(s):  
Elisa Binda ◽  
Francesca Berini ◽  
Flavia Marinelli ◽  
Adriana Bava ◽  
Fabrizio Beltrametti

Nonomuraea gerenzanensis ATCC 39727 produces the glycopeptide antibiotic A40926, which is the natural precursor of the semi-synthetic, last-resort drug dalbavancin. To reduce the cost of dalbavancin production, it is mandatory to improve the productivity of the producing strain. Here, we report that the exposure of N. gerenzanensis wild-type population to sub-inhibitory concentrations of A40926 led to the isolation of differently resistant phenotypes to which a diverse A40926 productivity was associated. The most resistant population (G, grand colonies) represented at least the 20% of the colonies growing on 2 µg/mL of A40926. It showed a stable phenotype after sub-culturing and a homogeneous profile of self-resistance to A40926 in population analysis profile (PAP) experiments. The less resistant population (P, petit) was represented by slow-growing colonies to which a lower A40926 productivity was associated. At bioreactor scale, the G variant produced twice more than the wild-type (ca. 400 mg/L A40926 versus less than 200 mg/L, respectively), paving the way for a rational strain improvement based on the selection of increasingly self-resistant colonies.


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