Respon Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Tanaman Kacang Tanah (Arachis hypogaea L.) akibat Pemberian Pupuk Organik Cair dan Jarak Tanam

Peanut production has decreased, among others, due to cultivation techniques, varieties, diseases and increasingly narrow planting areas. One of the cultivation techniques to increase crop yields is the use of liquid organic fertilizer (POC) and spacing. The research method used was Randomized Block Design, factorial pattern. Consisting of two treatment factors, namely POC concentration (0, 5, 10, and 15 ml L-1 water) and spacing (30 cm x 10 cm, 30 cm x 15 cm and 30 cm x 20 cm), repeated three times. .. The results showed that: (1) there was an interaction between POC treatment and plant spacing on the number of pithy seeds and dry seed weight per plot. Independently, liquid organic fertilizer and plant spacing had an effect on plant height, number of leaves, dry weight of stover, number of filled pods, number of empty pods, percentage of filled pods and weight of 100 seeds, and (2) At a spacing of 30 cm x 15 cm, The optimum POC concentration was 13.24 ml L-1 of water, with a maximum dry seed weight of 1.436 kg plot-1 or equivalent to 2.66 tons ha-1.

Conventional versus Nano Calcium Forms on Peanut Production under Sandy Soil Conditions

Abiotic stresses in sandy soil, which include saline water, saline soil, and lack of nutrients, affect the productivity and quality traits of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L). Elemental calcium (Ca2+) is necessary for the proper development of peanut pods. This work aimed at comparing conventional Ca and nano-Ca form effects on peanut production and quality traits. Two randomized complete block field experiments were conducted in the 2015 and 2016 seasons. Treatments were control, gypsum plus calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2, Ca(NO3)2, and chelated calcium, as well as 100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5% of Ca(NO3)2 doses in a nano form. The results indicated that the treatment of gypsum plus conventional CaNO3 achieved the highest yield and best quality traits, followed by the Ca(NO3)2 and 100% nano Ca(NO3)2 treatments. The treatments of the control, gypsum, and 12.5% nano Ca(NO3)2 had the lowest effect on peanut performance. The conventional treatment of gypsum plus Ca(NO3)2 resulted in the greatest seed yield (1.6 ton ha−1), oil yield (700.3 kg ha−1), and protein yield (380.1 kg ha−1). Peanuts may benefit from Ca2+ better by using gypsum as the soil application and calcium nitrate as the foliar application to prevent disorders of Ca2+ deficiency under sandy soil conditions.

Efektivitas Limbah Cengkih dalam Menekan Perkembangan In Vitro Sclerotium rolfsii, Jamur Penyebab Damping Off Kacang Tanah

Various problems have caused the decline in peanut production, among others the low resistance of peanut plants to various diseases. One of the obstacles in peanut production is the attack of plant diseases, such as the fungus Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. The use of plant-based insecticides can be an alternative to disease control in peanuts. This study aimed to obtain the appropriate and effective dose of clove leaves and flower stalks in suppressing the in vitro growth of the fungus S. rolfsii Sacc causing damping off in peanuts, and to test the effectiveness of clove leaves and flower stalks on the formation of sklerotia of the fungus. This study used ‘tuni’ clove powder from Waai Village, Salahutu District. This experimental study employed a completely randomized design (CRD) with 8 treatments and 3 replications. The results showed that the growth of the fungus S. rolfsii Sacc. was inhibited by clove flower stalk powder at a dose of 1.5 g per100 mL of PDA, which was indicated by the number of sklerotia formed of 13.67% and propagule weight of 0.12 g, followed by a dose of clove leaf powder of 1.5 g per100 mL PDA, with amount of sklerotia formed of 27.33% and propagule weight of 0.17 g. These results were statistically shown on the parameters: colony diameter, Sklerotia formation time, number of Sklerotia, and weight of propagules. Keywords: Clove powder, dosage, in vitro, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. ABSTRAK Berbagai masalah telah menyebabkan turunnya produksi kacang tanah, diantaranya masih rendahnya ketahanan tanaman kacang tanah terhadap berbagai penyakit. Salah satu kendala dalam produksi kacang tanah adalah serangan penyakit tanaman, seperti jamur Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc. Penggunaan insektisida nabati dapat menjadi alternatif pengendalian penyakit pada kacang tanah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh dosis daun dan tangkai bunga cengkih yang tepat dan efektif dalam menekan pertumbuhan jamur S. rolfsii Sacc penyebab damping off pada kacang tanah secara in vitro, serta menguji efektifitas daun dan tangkai bunga cengkih terhadap pembentukan sklerotia jamur. Penelitian ini menggunakan bubuk cengkih tuni, dari Desa Waai, Kecamatan Salahutu. Penelitian eksperimental ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 8 perlakuan dan 3 ulangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan jamur S. rolfsii Sacc. terhambat oleh bubuk tangkai bunga cengkih pada dosis 1,5 g per 100 mL PDA yang ditunjukan oleh jumlah sklerotia terbentuk 13,67% dan berat propagul 0,12 g dan diikuti oleh dosis bubuk daun cengkih 1,5 g per 100 mL PDA, dengan jumlah sklerotia 27,33% dan berat propagul 0,17 g. Hasil ini secara statistik ditunjukkan pada parameter: diameter koloni, waktu terbentuk sklerotia, jumlah sklerotia, dan berat propagul. Kata kunci: bubuk cengkih, dosis, in vitro, Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.

Thecaphora frezii (peanut smut).

Thecaphora frezii is the causal agent of peanut smut. The disease was first reported in 1962 in wild peanuts from Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. It was first detected in commercial crops in 1995 in the central-northern area of Córdoba province, Argentina. The prevalence of peanut smut has gradually increased. In the 2011/12 growing season, the disease was found in all production fields in Córdoba province and, two years later, it was found in all peanut production areas of Argentina. The increase in the intensity of peanut smut in Argentina has been accompanied by increasing yield losses.

Thecaphora frezii (peanut smut).

Thecaphora frezii is the causal agent of peanut smut. The disease was first reported in 1962 in wild peanuts from Aquidauana, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. It was first detected in commercial crops in 1995 in the central-northern area of Córdoba province, Argentina. The prevalence of peanut smut has gradually increased. In the 2011/12 growing season, the disease was found in all production fields in Córdoba province and, two years later, it was found in all peanut production areas of Argentina. The increase in the intensity of peanut smut in Argentina has been accompanied by increasing yield losses.

The Short- and Long-Term Costs of a Severe Drought on Retail Peanut Butter Prices and Consumers

This article investigates the short- and long-term costs of an extreme weather event on retail food prices and consumer expenditures. We utilize the 2011 severe peanut drought as a quasi-natural experiment and find that retail peanut butter prices increased 21.3% as a result of the drought-driven shock in farm peanut production and prices. Moreover, we identify long-term costs due to positive asymmetric price transmission as retail peanut butter prices returned to pre-shock levels much more slowly and remained on average 6.2% higher for 4 years after farm peanut prices returned to pre-shock levels. For consumers, the drought increased peanut butter costs, and the persistence of higher prices in peanut butter led to long-term consumer costs. Peanut butter expenditure on average increased by 4.8% post-shock, with lower-income households increasing expenditures even more. A simple calculation estimates that higher peanut butter prices inflicted a cost of $1.08 billion during the shock, and sticky post-shock peanut butter prices imposed a cost of $628 million to U.S. consumers.

Spectral and thermal responses of peanut to infection and colonization with Athelia rolfsii

Soilborne fungal diseases, including southern stem rot (SSR, causal agent Athelia rolfsii), are major constraints to peanut production worldwide. Scouting for disease via visual observation is time and labor-intensive, but sensor technologies are a promising tool for plant disease detection. Prior research has focused on foliar diseases, and few studies have applied sensor-based tools for early detection of soilborne diseases. This study characterized the temporal progress of spectral and thermal responses of peanut plants during infection and colonization with A. rolfsii under controlled environment. In greenhouse experiments, A. rolfsii-inoculated and mock-inoculated lateral stems of peanut were inspected daily for symptoms, and leaf spectral reflectance and temperature were measured using a handheld spectrometer and thermal camera, respectively. Following onset of visual disease symptoms, leaflets on inoculated stems had greater spectral reflectance in the visible region compared to those on mock-inoculated stems. Leaflets on the inoculated stems also had greater normalized leaf temperatures as compared to leaflets on mock-inoculated stems. Overall, results indicate that signatures of disease development can be detected during peanut infection and colonization with A. rolfsii using spectral reflectance and thermal imaging technologies, and spectral signatures of disease are more consistent and specific compared to thermal ones. Though only one peanut variety, one pathogen isolate, and one single measurement were assessed per evaluation date, temporal progress of spectral and thermal responses on a daily basis characterized in this study can be used to develop sensor-based methods to detect southern stem rot and other soilborne diseases ultimately in the field.