scholarly journals The impact of high fee-low-subsidy and low fee-high-subsidy higher education funding models on higher education access in European Union countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Nadežda Kučaidze ◽  
Artūras Jurgelevičius
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
European Union ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Education Funding ◽  
Higher Education Funding ◽  
Tuition Fees ◽  
Funding Model ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Introduction. Higher education funding is relevant topic and widely analysed by scientist all other the world. Nowadays there is very big difference between higher education funding models across European Union countries – students have to pay very high fees for their studies in one countries, while in other countries – students have no obligations to pay for their studies at all, or have to pay very low tuition fees. All EU member states declare importance of HE for the future of economic, individual and society wellbeing. With respect to cost-sharing principle in higher education funding, higher education funding models can be divided into four models: Low-fee-High-subsidy; Low-fees-Low-subsidy; High-fees-High-subsidy and High-fee-Low subsidy. Aim and tasks. The aim of this article is to perform comparative analysis of two extremely different higher education funding models, which are applied in European Union states – Low-fee-High-subsidy higher education funding model (LFHS model) and High-fee-Low-subsidy higher education funding model (HFLS model). Results. The results of scientific research shows, that LFHS and HFLS models, which were analysed, have a different impact on access to higher education (i.e. gross enrolment rate (GER), GER male, GER female and HE graduation rate (HEGR) in EU countries. Conclusions. Tuition fees (max., min., net, normative) have a statistically significant, but not only positive or negative impact on enrolment to HE and graduation of HE, as well as for women and men enrolment to HE (GER male, GER female) – it depends on funding model EU state applies. Max. need-based grants have positive impact only in LFHS model case as well as min. need-based grants. In addition, the results of research show, that there is gender inequality – women enrolment to HE exceed men enrolment at most in HFLS model. Men are more likely to study in countries with higher need-based grants (for instance, in LFHS model countries). Counties with higher GDP per capita are more likely to apply LFHS model, than countries with lower GDP  per capita.

scholarly journals THE CONTRIBUTION OF MIGRATION TO ECONOMIC GROWTH: THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF ZAGREB

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinko Miličević ◽  
Danijel Knežević ◽  
Zoran Bubaš
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Economic Activity ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City

The problems in this paper belong to the field of migration and economy. The connection between migration and the economy has been proven on a global level, and as far as the Republic of Croatia is concerned, it is especially important to observe it through the City of Zagreb, which is the most important migration and economic center in the Republic of Croatia. Also, the accession of the Republic of Croatia to the European Union emphasized the observation and research of this connection because it created the preconditions for freer movement and employment of the population of the Republic of Croatia and the City of Zagreb within the European Union. The aim of this paper is to determine the contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The hypothesis presented in the paper is that there is a significant contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The disposition of the paper consists of six parts. The introduction explains the relevance of the topic, states the aim of the paper and hypotheses, explains the empirical part, the contribution of the paper and the disposition. The second part of the paper refers to the theoretical framework of the impact of migration on economic growth. The third part of the paper presents the migration processes of the City of Zagreb in the period from 2011 to 2018. The fourth part deals with economic activity in the City of Zagreb in the period from 2011 to 2017. The observed indicators of economic activity in the City of Zagreb are GDP and GDP per capita, and the graph in this part of the paper shows that GDP and GDP per capita in the observed period are higher at the end of the period than at the beginning. The fifth part of the paper refers to the empirical research of the contribution of migration to the economic growth of the City of Zagreb. The empirical part of the paper is based on correlations and regression analyses. This paper proves the hypothesis because the results indicate a significant impact of the variables of total and external migration on the GDP of the City of Zagreb and GDP per capita of the City of Zagreb. Decision-makers in the City of Zagreb can use the results of the research as a basis for maximizing the economic benefits they can get from migration. The conclusion provides an overview of the aim of the work, the results of the research, the limitations, the implications and the recommendations for future research.

scholarly journals The impact of impact

2010 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 46-48
Author(s):  
Rebecca Smith
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Research Funding ◽  
Education Funding ◽  
Higher Education Funding ◽  
Related Research ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Funding Council

The proposed introduction of impact into research funding assessments has been controversial. The current proposals for the new quality-related research (QR) framework contribute to a very tense environment which also includes looming cuts to higher education budgets. There are widespread concerns about how the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) will allocate the resulting budget.

PROCESSED FOOD TRADE OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES – THE GRAVITY APPROAC

2021 ◽  
Vol XXIII (2) ◽  
pp. 96-108
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Sapa ◽  
Łukasz Kryszak
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Processed Food ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Linder Hypothesis ◽  
The Impact

A significant feature of world trade development is the diminishing role of developed countries in the international agri-food market. The share of the European Union in processed food export has been reducing steadily from 2000, giving place to developing countries at the same time. Considering studies devoted to the factors influencing bilateral trade, the question to what extent the trade of processed food depends on consumer preferences represented by absolute differences of GDP per capita (Linder hypothesis), geography, and trade liberalization remains open. It is interesting in the context of the new demand-oriented trade theory and the globalization process that causes a shrinking distance. The main purpose of the paper is to indicate the impact of consumer preferences and geography on the export value of processed food of EU countries in 2000-2019. To achieve this goal, the gravity model was constructed and estimated via Hausman-Taylor panel regression. The dependent variable was the bilateral export value of processed food of EU countries. The independent variables included GDP, geographical distance between partners, differences of GDP per capita of exporters and importers as a proxy of the Linder hypothesis, membership in a preferential trade agreement, and being landlocked. Research confirmed the validity of the Linder hypothesis and the significance of geography and regional trade integration in shaping the export value of processed food of EU countries.

scholarly journals The Progress of Sustainable Management of Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture in European Union States Including Poland—Variation, Trends, and Economic Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1035
Author(s):  
Anna Murawska ◽  
Piotr Prus
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Ammonia Emission ◽  
Ammonia Emissions ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

Ammonia (NH3) is one of the gases adversely affecting the natural environment. The greatest contributor to emissions of this gas to the atmosphere is agricultural activity. The main objective of the study was to assess the progress of sustainable management of ammonia emissions from agriculture in European Union countries. The specific objectives of the article were the following: to analyse and diagnose the level of ammonia emissions from agriculture, to study the diversity of emissions of this gas between countries, to analyse trends in the years 2010–2017 and, above all, to assess the relationship between the level of ammonia emissions from agriculture and the economic conditions of EU countries. The theoretical part of the article describes the causes and effects of, as well as preventive actions against, ammonia emissions from agriculture, whereas the empirical part analyses the problems, trends, variations, and the impact of economic conditions on emissions of this gas in 2010–2017. To evaluate the range of problems discussed, indicators describing ammonia emission levels Y01A and Y01B, as well as indicators characterising economic conditions X01, X02, and X03 have been employed. During the study, the following indicators were analysed: ammonia emissions from agriculture in kilograms per hectare (Y01A), ammonia emissions from agriculture—percentage of total emissions (Y01B), government appropriations or outlays on research and development in agriculture in EUR per capita (X01), agricultural factor income in EUR per annual work unit (AWU) (X02), and real GDP in EUR per capita (X03). The source for the empirical data was information from the European Statistical Office (Eurostat). The analysis covered 28 states of the European Union. In the article, among others, the rate of change indices, coefficients of variation (Vs), measures of distance (D) and range (R), coefficients of asymmetry (A) and kurtosis (K) were calculated, and correlation and regression analysis were performed. The share of agriculture in total ammonia emissions in European Union countries is very high and averages as high as 92%. Most of the countries maintain an upward tendency; a disturbing fact, considering such high ammonia emissions from agriculture. Based on the present analysis, it has also been confirmed that countries with the relatively highest levels of economy and agricultural research and development funding in fact emit more and increasingly more ammonia from agriculture. To avoid the intensification of the adverse effects of this phenomenon, all EU Member States should take effective, efficient, and sustained action to reduce ammonia emission levels.

scholarly journals Influence of the level of development of the digital environment on the trend of gross domestic product in the countries of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 211 ◽  
pp. 04006
Author(s):  
Zaytsev Andrey ◽  
Konikov Evgeniy ◽  
Busheneva Yulia ◽  
Doleva Zarema
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Communications Technology ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Digital Products ◽  
Digital Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Impact

The paper characterizes the specifics of the impact of digitalization processes on such an indicator as GDP per capita: case study of the European Union countries. The literature dedicated to the matters of the relationship between digitalization and economic growth is reviewed. Based on the statistical data, a regression model is built to determine the dependencies between the GDP of European Union member countries and the economic digitalization indicators. An equation formed in the research can be used to demonstrate the dependence between GDP per capita and the accessibility of information and communications technology and its usage by organizations, households, and private persons in the territory of the European Union. According to the result obtained, the following possible options were formulated for the development of the European Union economies concerning digitalization: stimulating the introduction of information and communications technology in enterprises (including tax incentives for the firms involved in entrepreneurial digital development, as well as growing investments in the existing assets), households (increasing trust of the population in digital products; increasing human capital, which is highly demanded by the digital economy; prospects of the electronic postal trade system); focus on the export of high-tech products.

scholarly journals Economic Growth and Environmental Quality in the European Union Countries – Is there Evidence for the Environmental Kuznets Curve?

2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Mazur ◽  
Zaur Phutkaradze ◽  
Jaba Phutkaradze
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emission ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract This research empirically explores the relation between carbon dioxide emission and economic growth during the period 1992-2010, using panel data on the European Union countries. Both fixed and random effect models are employed to test the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) relationship between CO2 emissions and GDP per capita. While no U-shaped EKC was confirmed empirically for all 28 current EU member states, the graphical analysis demonstrates a justified turning point for CO2 emissions as GDP per capita reaches the level of 23,000 USD. Furthermore, there is a firm empirical ground for the EKC hypothesis based on data from 16 older, relatively high-income EU states. Thus, though not empirically confirmed, there is ample data verifying the existence of the EKC in EU economies.

scholarly journals HIGHER EDUCATION: FUNDING TENDENCIES, OPPORTUNITIES AND SOURCES

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 168
Author(s):  
Jeļena Lonska
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Higher Education Policy ◽  
Student Loan ◽  
The State ◽  
Education Funding ◽  
Higher Education Funding ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
State Participation ◽  
Educational Product ◽  
The Impact

The issues regarding the funding mechanisms of higher education, their application and efficiency have recently become topical in many countries worldwide. Mobilization and efficient use of resources in higher education policy are the priority patterns all over the world. Society is trying to find answers to the questions considering the state participation in higher education funding. How to determine the impact of the state participation and levels of state regarding higher education funding? Is centralized planning necessary for higher education: does the state or consumers of educational services allocate financial resources at universities? There is an opinion that a consumer group has an effective financial tool for resource allocation. Another significant question is whether a person is able to choose the educational ‘product’, which corresponds to the needs of economics. What should an effective student loan system be like? Should the future students’ loan repayments depend on students' future incomes? This study provides information on the global higher education funding trends and opportunities, looking for the answers to the issues mentioned above.

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