Where Do Ultrafine Particles and Nano-Sized Particles Come From?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Manigrasso ◽  
Carmela Protano ◽  
Matteo Vitali ◽  
Pasquale Avino
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Health Relevance

This paper presents an overview of the literature studies on the sources of ultrafine particles (UFPs), nanomaterials (NMs), and nanoparticles (NPs) occurring in indoor (occupational and residential) and outdoor environments. Information on the relevant emission factors, particle concentrations, size, and compositions is provided, and health relevance of UFPs and NPs is discussed. Particular attention is focused on the fraction of particles that upon inhalation deposit on the olfactory bulb, because these particles can possibly translocate to brain and their possible role in neurodegenerative diseases is an important issue emerging in the recent literature.

scholarly journals A Laboratory Comparison of Emission Factors, Number Size Distributions, and Morphology of Ultrafine Particles from 11 Different Household Cookstove-Fuel Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (11) ◽  
pp. 6522-6532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofeng Shen ◽  
Chethan K. Gaddam ◽  
Seth M. Ebersviller ◽  
Randy L. Vander Wal ◽  
Craig Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Size Distributions

scholarly journals Proteotoxicity and Neurodegenerative Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
pp. 5646 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Ruz ◽  
Jose Luis Alcantud ◽  
Francisco Vives Montero ◽  
Raquel Duran ◽  
Sara Bandres-Ciga
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Biological Complexity ◽  
Disease Etiology ◽  
Current State ◽  
Daunting Challenge ◽  
Cell Proteome ◽  
Essential Insight ◽  
Lateral Sclerosis

Neurodegenerative diseases are a major burden for our society, affecting millions of people worldwide. A main goal of past and current research is to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying proteotoxicity, a common theme among these incurable and debilitating conditions. Cell proteome alteration is considered to be one of the main driving forces that triggers neurodegeneration, and unraveling the biological complexity behind the affected molecular pathways constitutes a daunting challenge. This review summarizes the current state on key processes that lead to cellular proteotoxicity in Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, providing a comprehensive landscape of recent literature. A foundational understanding of how proteotoxicity affects disease etiology and progression may provide essential insight towards potential targets amenable of therapeutic intervention.

scholarly journals The olfactory bulb as the entry site for prion-like propagation in neurodegenerative diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 226-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolwen L. Rey ◽  
Daniel W. Wesson ◽  
Patrik Brundin
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Entry Site

scholarly journals Distinct Pattern of Microgliosis in the Olfactory Bulb of Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zacharias Kohl ◽  
Johannes C. M. Schlachetzki ◽  
Judith Feldewerth ◽  
Philipp Hornauer ◽  
Martina Münch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Granular Cell ◽  
Microglia Activation ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Cellular Plasticity ◽  
Neuronal Marker ◽  
Granular Cell Layer

The olfactory bulb (OB) shows early neuropathological hallmarks in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, for example, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The glomerular and granular cell layer of the OB is characterized by preserved cellular plasticity in the adult brain. In turn, alterations of this cellular plasticity are related to neuroinflammation such as microglia activation, implicated in the pathogenesis of AD and PD, as well as frontotemporal lobe degeneration (FTLD). To determine microglia proliferation and activation we analyzed ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) expressing microglia in the glomerular and granular cell layer, and the olfactory tract of the OB from patients with AD, PD dementia/dementia with Lewy bodies (PDD/DLB), and FTLD compared to age-matched controls. The number of Iba1 and CD68 positive microglia associated with enlarged amoeboid microglia was increased particularly in AD, to a lesser extent in FTLD and PDD/DLB as well, while the proportion of proliferating microglia was not altered. In addition, cells expressing the immature neuronal marker polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) were increased in the glomerular layer of PDD/DLB and FTLD cases only. These findings provide novel and detailed insights into differential levels of microglia activation in the OB of neurodegenerative diseases.

Olfactory bulb involvement in neurodegenerative diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Attems ◽  
Lauren Walker ◽  
Kurt A. Jellinger
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases

Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Role of Mitophagy in Neurodegeneration

2020 ◽  
pp. 63-87
Author(s):  
Abhilasha Ahlawat ◽  
Meenakshi Kaira ◽  
Vaibhav Walia ◽  
Munish Garg
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Signaling Pathways ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorders ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Therapeutic Activity ◽  
Efficient Removal ◽  
Selective Autophagy

Mitophagy is a selective autophagy process in which damaged or surplus mitochondria are removed to sustain normal homeostasis. The efficient removal of damaged or stressed mitochondria is crucial for cellular health. Recent literature emphasizes the role of PINK1-Parkin pathways in the pathogenesis process of various neurodegenerative disorders. Further, mitophagy has shown potential therapeutic activity in treating neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, mitophagy might be important in the field of pharmacotherapeutics. In the present chapter, the authors explain mitophagy, mitophagy signaling pathways, as well as mechanisms and roles of mitophagy in various neurodegenerative disorders.

Microglia is associated with p-Tau aggregates in the olfactory bulb of patients with neurodegenerative diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mar Carmona-Abellan ◽  
Ivan Martinez-Valbuena ◽  
Irene Marcilla ◽  
Carla DiCaudo ◽  
Isabel Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases

Traffic emission factors of ultrafine particles: effects from ambient air

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Janhäll ◽  
Peter Molnar ◽  
Mattias Hallquist
Keyword(s):  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Ambient Air ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Traffic Emission
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