Microglia is associated with p-Tau aggregates in the olfactory bulb of patients with neurodegenerative diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mar Carmona-Abellan ◽  
Ivan Martinez-Valbuena ◽  
Irene Marcilla ◽  
Carla DiCaudo ◽  
Isabel Gil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases

Where Do Ultrafine Particles and Nano-Sized Particles Come From?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Manigrasso ◽  
Carmela Protano ◽  
Matteo Vitali ◽  
Pasquale Avino
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Ultrafine Particles ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Outdoor Environments ◽  
Health Relevance

This paper presents an overview of the literature studies on the sources of ultrafine particles (UFPs), nanomaterials (NMs), and nanoparticles (NPs) occurring in indoor (occupational and residential) and outdoor environments. Information on the relevant emission factors, particle concentrations, size, and compositions is provided, and health relevance of UFPs and NPs is discussed. Particular attention is focused on the fraction of particles that upon inhalation deposit on the olfactory bulb, because these particles can possibly translocate to brain and their possible role in neurodegenerative diseases is an important issue emerging in the recent literature.

scholarly journals The olfactory bulb as the entry site for prion-like propagation in neurodegenerative diseases

2018 ◽  
Vol 109 ◽  
pp. 226-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nolwen L. Rey ◽  
Daniel W. Wesson ◽  
Patrik Brundin
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Entry Site

scholarly journals Distinct Pattern of Microgliosis in the Olfactory Bulb of Neurodegenerative Proteinopathies

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zacharias Kohl ◽  
Johannes C. M. Schlachetzki ◽  
Judith Feldewerth ◽  
Philipp Hornauer ◽  
Martina Münch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Cell Layer ◽  
Granular Cell ◽  
Microglia Activation ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Cellular Plasticity ◽  
Neuronal Marker ◽  
Granular Cell Layer

The olfactory bulb (OB) shows early neuropathological hallmarks in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, for example, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The glomerular and granular cell layer of the OB is characterized by preserved cellular plasticity in the adult brain. In turn, alterations of this cellular plasticity are related to neuroinflammation such as microglia activation, implicated in the pathogenesis of AD and PD, as well as frontotemporal lobe degeneration (FTLD). To determine microglia proliferation and activation we analyzed ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) expressing microglia in the glomerular and granular cell layer, and the olfactory tract of the OB from patients with AD, PD dementia/dementia with Lewy bodies (PDD/DLB), and FTLD compared to age-matched controls. The number of Iba1 and CD68 positive microglia associated with enlarged amoeboid microglia was increased particularly in AD, to a lesser extent in FTLD and PDD/DLB as well, while the proportion of proliferating microglia was not altered. In addition, cells expressing the immature neuronal marker polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM) were increased in the glomerular layer of PDD/DLB and FTLD cases only. These findings provide novel and detailed insights into differential levels of microglia activation in the OB of neurodegenerative diseases.

Olfactory bulb involvement in neurodegenerative diseases

2014 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Attems ◽  
Lauren Walker ◽  
Kurt A. Jellinger
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases

scholarly journals Neurodegenerative changes in the brainstem and olfactory bulb in people older than 50 years old: a descriptive study

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (7) ◽  
pp. 569-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francine Hehn de Oliveira ◽  
Edson Rodrigues Neto ◽  
Mariana Kumaira Fonseca ◽  
André Silvestre Reitz da Costa ◽  
Marcio Aloisio Bezerra Cavalcanti Rockenbach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Tau Protein ◽  
Final Diagnosis ◽  
Descriptive Study ◽  
Limbic Cortex ◽  
Olfactory Bulbs ◽  
Protein Deposits ◽  
Parkinson’S Diseases

With the increase in life expectancy in Brazil, concerns have grown about the most prevalent diseases in elderly people. Among these diseases are neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Protein deposits related to the development of these diseases can pre-date the symptomatic phases by years. The tau protein is particularly interesting: it might be found in the brainstem and olfactory bulb long before it reaches the limbic cortex, at which point symptoms occur. Of the 14 brains collected in this study, the tau protein was found in the brainstems of 10 (71.42%) and in olfactory bulbs of 3 out 11. Of the 7 individuals who had a final diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), 6 presented tau deposits in some region of the brainstem. Our data support the idea of the presence of tau protein in the brainstem and olfactory bulb in the earliest stages of AD.

Autophagy and ageing: implications for age-related neurodegenerative diseases

2013 ◽  
Vol 55 ◽  
pp. 119-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Carroll ◽  
Graeme Hewitt ◽  
Viktor I. Korolchuk
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Intracellular Degradation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Autophagy Induction ◽  
Social Importance ◽  
Cellular Dysfunction ◽  
Autophagy Activity ◽  
Intense Research

Autophagy is a process of lysosome-dependent intracellular degradation that participates in the liberation of resources including amino acids and energy to maintain homoeostasis. Autophagy is particularly important in stress conditions such as nutrient starvation and any perturbation in the ability of the cell to activate or regulate autophagy can lead to cellular dysfunction and disease. An area of intense research interest is the role and indeed the fate of autophagy during cellular and organismal ageing. Age-related disorders are associated with increased cellular stress and assault including DNA damage, reduced energy availability, protein aggregation and accumulation of damaged organelles. A reduction in autophagy activity has been observed in a number of ageing models and its up-regulation via pharmacological and genetic methods can alleviate age-related pathologies. In particular, autophagy induction can enhance clearance of toxic intracellular waste associated with neurodegenerative diseases and has been comprehensively demonstrated to improve lifespan in yeast, worms, flies, rodents and primates. The situation, however, has been complicated by the identification that autophagy up-regulation can also occur during ageing. Indeed, in certain situations, reduced autophagosome induction may actually provide benefits to ageing cells. Future studies will undoubtedly improve our understanding of exactly how the multiple signals that are integrated to control appropriate autophagy activity change during ageing, what affect this has on autophagy and to what extent autophagy contributes to age-associated pathologies. Identification of mechanisms that influence a healthy lifespan is of economic, medical and social importance in our ‘ageing’ world.

Nanotheranostic agents for neurodegenerative diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-675
Author(s):  
Parasuraman Padmanabhan ◽  
Mathangi Palanivel ◽  
Ajay Kumar ◽  
Domokos Máthé ◽  
George K. Radda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Ageing Population ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Surface Receptors ◽  
Theranostic Agents ◽  
Preclinical Animal Models

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD), affect the ageing population worldwide and while severely impairing the quality of life of millions, they also cause a massive economic burden to countries with progressively ageing populations. Parallel with the search for biomarkers for early detection and prediction, the pursuit for therapeutic approaches has become growingly intensive in recent years. Various prospective therapeutic approaches have been explored with an emphasis on early prevention and protection, including, but not limited to, gene therapy, stem cell therapy, immunotherapy and radiotherapy. Many pharmacological interventions have proved to be promising novel avenues, but successful applications are often hampered by the poor delivery of the therapeutics across the blood-brain-barrier (BBB). To overcome this challenge, nanoparticle (NP)-mediated drug delivery has been considered as a promising option, as NP-based drug delivery systems can be functionalized to target specific cell surface receptors and to achieve controlled and long-term release of therapeutics to the target tissue. The usefulness of NPs for loading and delivering of drugs has been extensively studied in the context of NDDs, and their biological efficacy has been demonstrated in numerous preclinical animal models. Efforts have also been made towards the development of NPs which can be used for targeting the BBB and various cell types in the brain. The main focus of this review is to briefly discuss the advantages of functionalized NPs as promising theranostic agents for the diagnosis and therapy of NDDs. We also summarize the results of diverse studies that specifically investigated the usage of different NPs for the treatment of NDDs, with a specific emphasis on AD and PD, and the associated pathophysiological changes. Finally, we offer perspectives on the existing challenges of using NPs as theranostic agents and possible futuristic approaches to improve them.

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