Default Logic Models of Certain Inheritance Systems with Exceptions

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 (2-4) ◽  
pp. 129-149
Author(s):  
Serge Garlatti
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Formal Semantics ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Nonmonotonic Reasoning ◽  
Default Logic ◽  
Representation Systems ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge ◽  
Made In

Representation systems based on inheritance networks are founded on the hierarchical structure of knowledge. Such representation is composed of a set of objects and a set of is-a links between nodes. Objects are generally defined by means of a set of properties. An inheritance mechanism enables us to share properties across the hierarchy, called an inheritance graph. It is often difficult, even impossible to define classes by means of a set of necessary and sufficient conditions. For this reason, exceptions must be allowed and they induce nonmonotonic reasoning. Many researchers have used default logic to give them formal semantics and to define sound inferences. In this paper, we propose a survey of the different models of nonmonotonic inheritance systems by means of default logic. A comparison between default theories and inheritance mechanisms is made. In conclusion, the ability of default logic to take some inheritance mechanisms into account is discussed.

scholarly journals The Ascent of the Soul as Spiritual Exercise in Plotinus’ Enneads

Mnemosyne ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Mateusz Stróżyński
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Spiritual Exercises ◽  
Spiritual Exercise ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge

Abstract The purpose of the article is to demonstrate that the ascent of the soul as one of the fundamental spiritual exercises in Plotinus’ philosophy can be approached from three perspectives: anabatic proper, aphaeretic and agnoetic. All of them are based on the hierarchical structure of knowledge and being in Plotinus’ philosophy, but they differ in details. The methods are reconstructed on the basis of the analysis of selected passages from the Enneads.

scholarly journals Elements of the hierarchical structure of knowledge about control in team sports games from the standpoint of a systems approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
O. Mitova
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Theoretical Data ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge

Due to the rapid development of sports theory, current trends in team sports and features of long-term training of athletes, building a hierarchical structure of knowledge about control in team sports in the process of long-term improvement from the standpoint of a systematic approach is an important area of research. The article is devoted to the substantiation of the hierarchical structure of knowledge about control in team sports games from the standpoint of a systematic approach. The aim of the study -. on the basis of generalization of theoretical data, best practices and own experimental research to formulate the main provisions that form the basis of knowledge about the control system. The main provisions of the formation of the system of knowledge about control in the process of long-term training in team sports games are presented, the specific features of control of the team as a whole, groups of players and individual players are indicated. The article identifies the following elements of a hierarchical system of knowledge about control: as the connection of control with the stages of long-term training; connection of control with stages of long-term preparation; control of readiness and control of competitive activity. Together, they individually allow us to consider the control system as a complex, dynamic structure, the existence of which is due to the influence of a number of factors.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF A TEST SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING THE PREPAREDNESS OF PLAYERS IN TEAM SPORTS GAMES

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-101
Author(s):  
Mitova Olena
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Team Sports ◽  
Theoretical Data ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Test System ◽  
Observation System ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Program Load ◽  
Structure Of Knowledge

Background. Current trends in the development of team sports, changes in the direction and age of the stages of long-term training indicate the need to improve the system of tests to control the training of athletes in these sports, taking into account tasks, program load, functional responsibilities of players and so on. Thus theoretical substantiation of the hierarchical structure of knowledge about the system of tests will allow to improve the system of control and management of training and competitive processes. The aim – on the basis of generalization of theoretical data, advanced practical experience and own experimental researches to substantiate the hierarchical structure of knowledge about system of tests on control of readiness of sportsmen in team sports games. Material and methods: analysis of special, scientific and methodical literature, analysis of documentary materials, pedagogical observation, system method, generalization and systematization of data. Results. On the basis of the system approach the hierarchical structure of the system of knowledge concerning the system of tests of readiness of sportsmen in team sports games in the course of long-term preparation is theoretically substantiated. On the example of such an element of the hierarchy as the requirements for tests in basketball, a fragment of the system of knowledge about tests to control the readiness of athletes in team sports is presented, which provides consideration of tests not only for one player but also for a group of players and the whole team and the focus of tasks and program load at different stages and stages of long-term training. Conclusions. The hierarchical structure of knowledge about the system of tests to control the readiness of athletes in team sports games is theoretically substantiated. A detailed description of such elements of the hierarchy of scientific knowledge as requirements for tests in basketball is given: reliability, specificity, informativeness, connection with the stages of long-term training; connection with sensitive periods of development of physical qualities; connection with the program material of the curriculum for the year; complexity; number of performers; periodicity.

scholarly journals A Review of Methods for Estimating Algorithmic Complexity: Options, Challenges, and New Directions

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hector Zenil
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Algorithmic Complexity ◽  
Algorithmic Information Theory ◽  
Methodological Innovation ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Algorithmic Information ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
First Time ◽  
Made In

Some established and also novel techniques in the field of applications of algorithmic (Kolmogorov) complexity currently co-exist for the first time and are here reviewed, ranging from dominant ones such as statistical lossless compression to newer approaches that advance, complement and also pose new challenges and may exhibit their own limitations. Evidence suggesting that these different methods complement each other for different regimes is presented and despite their many challenges, some of these methods can be better motivated by and better grounded in the principles of algorithmic information theory. It will be explained how different approaches to algorithmic complexity can explore the relaxation of different necessary and sufficient conditions in their pursuit of numerical applicability, with some of these approaches entailing greater risks than others in exchange for greater relevance. We conclude with a discussion of possible directions that may or should be taken into consideration to advance the field and encourage methodological innovation, but more importantly, to contribute to scientific discovery. This paper also serves as a rebuttal of claims made in a previously published minireview by another author, and offers an alternative account.

The extinction time of a general birth and death process with catastrophes

1986 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 851-858 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Laplace Transform ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Death Process ◽  
Extinction Time ◽  
Birth And Death Process ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

The Laplace transform of the extinction time is determined for a general birth and death process with arbitrary catastrophe rate and catastrophe size distribution. It is assumed only that the birth rates satisfyλ0= 0,λj> 0 for eachj> 0, and. Necessary and sufficient conditions for certain extinction of the population are derived. The results are applied to the linear birth and death process (λj=jλ, µj=jμ) with catastrophes of several different types.

Budgeting in Socio-economic Development Strategies (Raising a Problem)

2008 ◽  
pp. 134-151
Author(s):  
A. Shastitko ◽  
M. Ovchinnikov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Change ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Transitional Period ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient ◽  
Economic Development Strategies

The article proposes an approach to the analysis of social change and contributes to the clarification of concepts of economic policy. It deals in particular with the notion of "change of system". The author considers positive and normative aspects of the analysis of capitalist and socialist systems. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the system to be changed are introduced, their fulfillment is discussed drawing upon the historical and statistical data. The article describes both economic and political peculiarities of the transitional period in different countries, especially in Eastern Europe.

Parafia unicka w Rachaniach do 1811 roku/ The Uniate Parish in Rachanie until 1811

2012 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Janusz Adam Frykowski
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Holy Communion ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Church ◽  
Ancillary Equipment

AbstractThe following paper depicts the history of Saint Simeon Stylites Uniate Parish in Rachanie since it became known in historical sources until 1811- that is the time it ceased to be an independent church unit. The introduction of the article contains the geographical location of the parish, its size and the position within the hierarchical structure of the Church. Having analysed post-visit inspection protocols left by Chelm Bishops, the appearance as well as fittings and ancillary equipment of the church in Rachanie in that particular period are reported. Moreover, the list of 4 local clergymen is recreated and their benefice is determined. As far as possible, both the number of worshipers and the number of Holy Communion receivers is determined.

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