scholarly journals Inconsistencies in countries COVID-19 data revealed by Benford’s law

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-79
Author(s):  
Vitor Hugo Moreau
Keyword(s):  
Large Data ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Corruption ◽  
Health Authorities ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
Crucial Information

Reporting of daily new cases and deaths on COVID-19 is one of the main tools to understand and menage the pandemic. However, governments and health authorities worldwide present divergent procedures while registering and reporting their data. Most of the bias in those procedures are influenced by economic and political pressures and may lead to intentional or unintentional data corruption, what can mask crucial information. Benford’s law is a statistical phenomenon, extensively used to detect data corruption in large data sets. Here, we used the Benford’s law to screen and detect inconsistencies in data on daily new cases of COVID-19 reported by 80 countries. Data from 26 countries display severe nonconformity to the Benford’s law (p< 0.01), what may suggest data corruption or manipulation.

scholarly journals What Benford Can Tell Us About Cover Pools – An Empirical Analysis

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Kienle
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Analysis ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

Leading digits often follow a distribution described by Newcomb (1881) and Benford (1938). We apply this phenomenon known as Benford’s Law on cover assets provided by issuers of German covered bonds. The main finding of the empirical analysis is that leading digits of these assets seem to follow the Benford distribution. Standard statistical evidence, however, might be misleading due to effects of large data sets. Consequently, the present paper also provides an example of how to deal with large data sets when a Benford distribution is assumed. 

Act natural, because of Benford’s Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 49-52
Author(s):  
Susan D'Agostino
Keyword(s):  
Stock Prices ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Benford’S Law ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Mathematics Students ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Subsequent Investigation ◽  
Benford's Law ◽  
Tax Returns ◽  
Population Counts

“Act natural, because of Benford’s Law” explains how and why large data sets generated as a result of human behavior concerning health records, population counts, tax returns, stock prices, national debts, election data, and more, have numbers whose first digits are unevenly distributed, with Benford’s Law offering percentages. When an individual tampers with a naturally generated data set, they often introduce fake numbers whose first digits are (more or less) evenly distributed from one to nine. Often, a subsequent investigation reveals that someone has tampered with the data set. Mathematics students and enthusiasts are encouraged to act natural so as to avoid looking like a fraudulent data set that does not observe Benford’s Law. At the chapter’s end, readers may check their understanding by working on a problem. A solution is provided.

An example of spectrum imaging used for comparison of EELS quantitative analysis techniques on Al-Li

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 726-727
Author(s):  
John A. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Difference Spectrum ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Foil Thickness ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Analysis Techniques ◽  
Spectrum Imaging ◽  
Normal Spectrum ◽  
Electron Energy Loss

Spectrum-imaging is a useful technique for comparing different processing methods on very large data sets which are identical for each method. This paper is concerned with comparing methods of electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) quantitative analysis on the Al-Li system. The spectrum-image analyzed here was obtained from an Al-10at%Li foil aged to produce δ' precipitates that can span the foil thickness. Two 1024 channel EELS spectra offset in energy by 1 eV were recorded and stored at each pixel in the 80x80 spectrum-image (25 Mbytes). An energy range of 39-89eV (20 channels/eV) are represented. During processing the spectra are either subtracted to create an artifact corrected difference spectrum, or the energy offset is numerically removed and the spectra are added to create a normal spectrum. The spectrum-images are processed into 2D floating-point images using methods and software described in [1].

Cluster analysis for large data sets: applications to individual aerosol particles from the mid-pacific

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1488-1489
Author(s):  
Thomas W. Shattuck ◽  
James R. Anderson ◽  
Neil W. Tindale ◽  
Peter R. Buseck
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Particle Analysis ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Halogen Chemistry ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
Components Analysis ◽  
Automated Scanning

Individual particle analysis involves the study of tens of thousands of particles using automated scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis by energy-dispersive, x-ray emission spectroscopy (EDS). EDS produces large data sets that must be analyzed using multi-variate statistical techniques. A complete study uses cluster analysis, discriminant analysis, and factor or principal components analysis (PCA). The three techniques are used in the study of particles sampled during the FeLine cruise to the mid-Pacific ocean in the summer of 1990. The mid-Pacific aerosol provides information on long range particle transport, iron deposition, sea salt ageing, and halogen chemistry.Aerosol particle data sets suffer from a number of difficulties for pattern recognition using cluster analysis. There is a great disparity in the number of observations per cluster and the range of the variables in each cluster. The variables are not normally distributed, they are subject to considerable experimental error, and many values are zero, because of finite detection limits. Many of the clusters show considerable overlap, because of natural variability, agglomeration, and chemical reactivity.

NVESTIGATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF DISTRIBUTED INFORMATION SYSTEMS BASED ON THE PROCESSING OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mykhajlo Klymash ◽  
Olena Hordiichuk — Bublivska ◽  
Ihor Tchaikovskyi ◽  
Oksana Urikova
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Systems ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Data Decomposition ◽  
Distributed Information ◽  
Software Model ◽  
Computing Performance ◽  
Mapreduce Model ◽  
Singular Data

In this article investigated the features of processing large arrays of information for distributed systems. A method of singular data decomposition is used to reduce the amount of data processed, eliminating redundancy. Dependencies of com­putational efficiency on distributed systems were obtained using the MPI messa­ging protocol and MapReduce node interaction software model. Were analyzed the effici­ency of the application of each technology for the processing of different sizes of data: Non — distributed systems are inefficient for large volumes of information due to low computing performance. It is proposed to use distributed systems that use the method of singular data decomposition, which will reduce the amount of information processed. The study of systems using the MPI protocol and MapReduce model obtained the dependence of the duration calculations time on the number of processes, which testify to the expediency of using distributed computing when processing large data sets. It is also found that distributed systems using MapReduce model work much more efficiently than MPI, especially with large amounts of data. MPI makes it possible to perform calculations more efficiently for small amounts of information. When increased the data sets, advisable to use the Map Reduce model.

Using Large Data Sets and Statistical Tools to Define “Failure” and Demonstrate the Safety of DPR

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (6) ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
Austa Parker ◽  
Yan Qu ◽  
David Hokanson ◽  
Jeff Soller ◽  
Eric Dickenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Data ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Statistical Tools

scholarly journals Online Judging Platform Utilizing Dynamic Plagiarism Detection Facilities

Computers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 47
Author(s):  
Fariha Iffath ◽  
A. S. M. Kayes ◽  
Md. Tahsin Rahman ◽  
Jannatul Ferdows ◽  
Mohammad Shamsul Arefin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Source Code ◽  
Large Data ◽  
Large Data Sets ◽  
Detection Technique ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Plagiarism Detection ◽  
Source Codes ◽  
Efficient Detection ◽  
Mathematical Problems ◽  
Automatic Scoring

A programming contest generally involves the host presenting a set of logical and mathematical problems to the contestants. The contestants are required to write computer programs that are capable of solving these problems. An online judge system is used to automate the judging procedure of the programs that are submitted by the users. Online judges are systems designed for the reliable evaluation of the source codes submitted by the users. Traditional online judging platforms are not ideally suitable for programming labs, as they do not support partial scoring and efficient detection of plagiarized codes. When considering this fact, in this paper, we present an online judging framework that is capable of automatic scoring of codes by detecting plagiarized contents and the level of accuracy of codes efficiently. Our system performs the detection of plagiarism by detecting fingerprints of programs and using the fingerprints to compare them instead of using the whole file. We used winnowing to select fingerprints among k-gram hash values of a source code, which was generated by the Rabin–Karp Algorithm. The proposed system is compared with the existing online judging platforms to show the superiority in terms of time efficiency, correctness, and feature availability. In addition, we evaluated our system by using large data sets and comparing the run time with MOSS, which is the widely used plagiarism detection technique.

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