Normality and Diversity

This chapter begins by arguing that the different approaches to mental disorders are united in viewing such mental conditions as abnormal. Yet is it really the case that everything termed a mental ‘disorder’ is indeed so? Or could it be that in diagnosing conditions that affect the mind, we are ignoring the possibility that some ‘disorders’ may be part of the normal spectrum of human diversity? To take this argument further, could it even be the case that such diversity is an important component of human society and a source of some of its richness and achievements? The chapter looks at these possibilities, with particular reference to two quite different mental conditions—autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder. Autism spectrum disorders have been described as characterized by 'impairments in social interaction and both verbal and non-verbal communication, along with restricted, repetitive or stereotyped behaviour'. Meanwhile, the high and low phases of bipolar disorder are often so extreme that they interfere with everyday life; consequentially this can be a highly debilitating disorder. However, there is also an association of both types of mental disorder with great creativity, and high levels of intelligence.

Determination of Sulfamethoxazole in Pure and Pharmaceutical Samples by Using Direct Method for Calibration Curve of Normal Spectrum of UV-Spectrophotometry

Normal spectra for sulfamethoxazolesolutions were developed and used for the determination of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) antibiotic by using zero-crossing technique and simultaneously determining (SMX) at wavelength 259.00 nm. The correlation coefficient of the calibration curve for the normalspectrum was 0.9990. Linearity was maintained by using concentrations (0.990104M, 0.996104M, 0.999104M, 1.004104M, 1.005104M) and the percentage recovery of sulfamethoxazolesamples were (99.00%, 99.60%, 99.90 %, 100.40 % and 100.50 %). A statistical analysis confirmed, a precision with accuracy for simultaneous fixing of (SMX). In addition, a British pharmacopoeia method was compared with the method used in this paper using F test.

Structural and Functional Features of the Cardiovascular System in Arterial Hypertension with Normal Spectrum of Transmitral Blood Flow

Objective: to assess the structural and functional features of the cardiovascular system in patients with arterial hypertension (AH) and normal spectrum of transmitral blood flow (NSTBF). Material and methods. An open prospective study of patients with essential hypertension (n=31) and healthy volunteers (n = 10) was organized at the state institution «Republican Research Center for Radiation Medicine and Human Ecology». The examined individuals were comparable in terms of sex and age features. All the participants of the study underwent transthoracic echocardiography (EchoCG) with the determination of the standard parameters, ultrasound of the extracranial part of the brachiocephalic arteries (BCA) with the determination of the thickness of the intima-media complex (CIM) and carotid plaques, duplex scanning of the arteries of the upper and lower extremities with the measurement of the ankle-brachial index (LPI) and endothelium-dependent vasodilation (EDVD). In addition, we assessed the global longitudinal deformation by the method of two-dimensional speckle tracking of the gray spots of the ultrasound image, the indicators of the movement of the fibrous ring of the atrioventricular valves into systole and diastole with the determination of the myocardial index by tissue dopplerography (TDG).Results. In comparison with the healthy volunteers, the patients with AH and NSTB have detected reliable changes in the anteroposterior size (38 mm versus 32.5 mm; p = 0.001) and volume (45 ml versus 31.5 ml; p = 0.002) of the left atrium (LP) and volume (37.5 ml versus 29.5 ml, p = 0.005) of the right atrium (PP), measured by means of standard transthoracic echocardiography. Using the method of two-dimensional tracking of the speckle spots of the gray scale of the ultrasound image we have recorded lower values of the global longitudinal strain (-17.5 versus -21.6; p < 0.001) in the study group compared with the control group, which indicates a violation of the biomechanics of the myocardial contractions of the left ventricle (LV). The study of the movement of the fibrous rings of the atrioventricular valves using tissue dopplerography (TDG) has showed that in the second group of the patients there are regional disorders of diastolic function, primarily this concerns the medial part of FC MK (1.3 versus 1.1; p = 0.05) and the lateral part of FC TC (1.3 versus 0.8; p = 0.028). In addition, in comparison with the healthy individuals we recorded higher values of the myocardial index for the lateral (0.51 versus 0.43; p = 0.001) and medial parts (0.59 versus 0.44; p = 0.001) FC MK, lateral part (0.58 versus 0.44; p = 0.001) FC TC. The patients of the study group, in comparison with the control one, have revealed signs of the pathological remodeling of the vascular wall. In the first group of the examined individuals, in comparison with the second one, the thickness of the intima-media complex (CIM) was slightly higher (p = 0.061 on the right, p = 0.08 on the left) and cases of the presence of atherosclerotic plaques (ASB) were recorded.Conclusion. The protocol research methods do not allow the comprehensive evaluation of the functional features of the heart in patients with AH, which requires additional diagnostic methods: TDH and speckle tracking.

“I didn’t really think about it ” (M. Planck and the Quantum Revolution)

Introduction. In the philosophy of science great attention is traditionally paid to theoretical knowledge. However, scientific theories are considered, as a rule, as something already formed, whereas the analysis of the birth and formation of the theory plays a much smaller role. Among the various issues that arise at the intersection of philosophy and history of science the great attention of researchers is attracted by the question about the nature of scientific revolutions. In this work, the question is studied by examing the Planck’s discovery– whether a conservative in science to make a scientific revolution?Methodology and sources. Methodologically, the work is based on historical and scientific analysis of primary sources and research literature. Results and discussion. The paper according the results of the study of primary sources shows that the only desire Planck in his study of blackbody radiation and the only justification for his “Akt der Verzweilung” (Act of delays) was to obtain a “correct” mathematical formula “at any price”. As for the scientific revolution on 14 December 1900 – date of Planck’s speech at a meeting of the German physical society report on “the Theory of the distribution of the radiation energy of the normal spectrum” – that is the result of later historical reconstruction. Moreover, this “revolution” in 1900, and in subsequent years remained unnoticed by anyone, including Planck himself. Thus, the result of the study is a new look at the specifics of the contribution of the scientist standing on conservative scientific positions in the scientific revolution.Conclusion. Under certain circumstances, the main of which are the character of the task and readiness of the researcher, at least in part to “sacrifice principles” (or to simulate a departure from tradition) for the sake of formal success, the conservator may contribute to the further development of events that will eventually lead to the scientific revolution.

Fetishist disorder

Fetishism, as a technical descriptor of atypical sexual behaviour, was noted in the writings of the well-known nineteenth century French psychologist Alfred Binet (1857–1911) (Binet, 1887) as well as prominent European sexologists Richard von Krafft-Ebing (1840–1902) (Krafft-Ebing, 1886), Havelock Ellis (1859–1939) (Ellis, 1906), and Magnus Hirschfeld (1868– 1935) (Hirschfeld, 1956). In their seminal writings, all of the afore mentioned sexologists used the terms “fetish” and “fetishism” to specifically describe an intense eroticization of either non-living objects and/or specific body parts that were symbolically associated with a person. Fetishes could be non clinical manifestations of a normal spectrum of eroticization or clinical disorders causing significant interpersonal difficulties. Ellis (1906) observed that body secretions or body products could also become fetishist expressions of “erotic symbolism”. Freud (1928) considered both body parts (e.g., the foot) or objects associated with the body (e.g., shoes) as fetish objects. For the purposes of this review, a “broader” historically based core definition for Fetishism will include intense and recurrent sexual arousal to: non-living objects, an exclusive focus on body parts or body products. Keywords: fetishism, Paraphilia, Partialism, DSM-V.

Термический коэффициент движения резонансного уровня железа в сплавах Pb-=SUB=-1-x-y-=/SUB=-Sn-=SUB=-x-=/SUB=-Fe-=SUB=-y-=/SUB=-Te

The phase composition, the elemental composition and temperature dependences of the resistivity and of the Hall coefficient (temperature interval 4.2≤T≤300K, magnetic fields B≤0.07 T) in Pb1−x−ySnxFeyTe alloys are studied at variation of the tin and iron concentrations along the single-crystal ingots synthesized by the Bridgman−Stockbarger technique. The distributions of tin and iron along the ingots are obtained and anomalous temperature dependences of the Hall coefficient, associated with the pinning of the Fermi level by the resonant level of iron, located in the valence band, are found. The analysis of the experimental results is carried out in the framework of the model of the electronic structure rearrangement, involving the movement of the iron level relative to the top of the valence band with increasing tin concentration and temperature. The temperature coefficient of the movement of the level of iron with respect to the middle of the gap is determined and the possible diagrams for the rearrangement of the electronic structure with increasing temperature in the alloys with normal spectrum (0.06≤x≤0.35) are proposed.

Life-form and Biological Spectrum of Morni Hills, Panchkula, Haryana

The present paper deals with the different life form categories and biological spectrum of Morni Hills in Panchkula district of Haryana. During field surveys, 950 species of vascular plants were recorded from Morni Hills. It includes Therophytes (29.68%), Phanerophytes (21.89%), Nano-phanerophytes (12.94%), Chamaephytes (10.73%), Lianas (10%), Geophytes (8.32%), Hemicryptophytes (4.94%), Hydrophytes (0.84%) and Epiphytes (0.63%). Biological spectrum has been compared with normal spectrum to know the phytoclimate of this region. After the comparison with normal spectrum the phytoclimate of Morni area is Thero-Geo-Chamae-phytic.

Neuroendocrinology of PTSD

Initial studies on the neuroendocrine basis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) showed a biological dysregulation of stress response systems that appeared to be incompatible with the stress response theories that had prevailed when PTSD was first established as a diagnosis. Cortisol levels were found to be lower and catecholamine higher in patients with PTSD than in those with major depression and other psychiatric disorders. There was no explanation for why levels of two stress hormones that are generally correlated—cortisol and norepinephrine—would be different, and it was also not clear why cortisol levels would be on the low end of the normal spectrum, when the classic stress response paradigms suggested stress results in elevated cortisol. The study of neuroendocrinology and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis alterations in PTSD provides an object lesson in how paradoxical observations might be pursued toward a better understanding of the pathophysiology of a disorder. This chapter reviews HPA findings in PTSD in cross-sectional and prospective longitudinal studies.