“Doppler de-boosting” and the observation of “Standard candles” in cosmology

“Doppler boosting” is a well-known relativistic effect that alters the apparent luminosity of approaching radiation sources. “Doppler de-boosting” is the name of relativistic effect observed for receding light sources (e.g. relativistic jets of active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts). “Doppler boosting” changes the apparent luminosity of approaching light sources to appear brighter, while “Doppler de-boosting” causes the apparent luminosity of receding light sources to appear fainter. While “Doppler de-boosting” has been successfully accounted for and observed in relativistic jets of AGN, it was ignored in the establishment of Standard candles for cosmological distances. A Standard candle adjustment of an Z>0.1 is necessary for “Doppler de-boosting”, otherwise we would incorrectly assume that Standard Candles appear dimmer not because of “Doppler de-boosting” but because of the excessive distance, which would affect the entire Standard Candles ladder at cosmological distances. The ratio between apparent (L) and intrinsic (Lo) luminosities as a function of the redshift Z and spectral index α is given by the formula ℳ(Z) = L/Lo=(Z+1)α -3 and for Type Ia supernova appears as ℳ(Z) = L/Lo=(Z+1)-2. “Doppler de-boosting” may also explain the anomalously low luminosity of objects with a high Z without the introduction of an accelerated expansion of the Universe and Dark Energy.

PREPRINT. “Doppler de-boosting” and the observation of “Standard candles” in cosmology.

10.32370/ia_2021_06_23 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Zilberman ◽

Keyword(s):

Relativistic Effect ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

Galactic Nuclei ◽

Accelerated Expansion ◽

Light Sources ◽

Radiation Sources ◽

Standard Candle ◽

Type Ia ◽

PREPRINT. “Doppler boosting” is a well-known relativistic effect that alters the apparent luminosity of approaching radiation sources. “Doppler de-boosting” is the term of the same relativistic effect observed for receding light sources (e.g.relativistic jets of active galactic nuclei and gamma-ray bursts). “Doppler boosting” alters the apparent luminosity of approaching light sources to appear brighter, while “Doppler de-boosting” alters the apparent luminosity of receding light sources to appear fainter. While “Doppler de-boosting” has been successfully accounted for and observed in relativistic jets of AGN, it was ignored in the establishment of Standard candles for cosmological distances. A Standard candle adjustment of Z>0.1 is necessary for “Doppler de-boosting”, otherwise we would incorrectly assume that Standard Candles appear dimmer, not because of “Doppler de-boosting” but because of the excessive distance, which would affect the entire Standard Candles ladder at cosmological distances. The ratio between apparent (L) and intrinsic (Lo) luminosities as a function of the redshift Z and spectral index α is given by the formula ℳ(Z) =L/Lo=(Z+1)^(α-3) and for Type Ia supernova appears as ℳ(Z)=L/Lo=(Z+1)^(-2). “Doppler de-boosting” may also explain the anomalously low luminosity of objects with a high Z without the introduction of an accelerated expansion of the Universe and Dark Energy.

"Doppler De-boosting" and the Observation of "Standard Candles" in Cosmology

10.32370/iaj.2552 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Zilberman ◽

Keyword(s):

Dark Energy ◽

Relativistic Effect ◽

Accelerated Expansion ◽

Light Sources ◽

Relativistic Jets ◽

Radiation Sources ◽

Standard Candle ◽

Type Ia ◽

“Doppler boosting” is a well-known relativistic effect that alters the apparent luminosity of approaching radiation sources. “Doppler de-boosting” is the same relativistic effect observed but for receding light sources (e.g. relativistic jets of AGN and GRB). “Doppler boosting” alters the apparent luminosity of approaching light sources to appear brighter, while “Doppler de-boosting” alters the apparent luminosity of receding light sources to appear fainter. While “Doppler de-boosting” has been successfully accounted for and observed in relativistic jets of AGN, it was ignored in the establishment of Standard candles for cosmological distances. A Standard Candle adjustment of Z>0.1 is necessary for “Doppler de-boosting”, otherwise we would incorrectly assume that Standard Candles appear dimmer, not because of “Doppler de-boosting” but because of the excessive distance, which would affect the entire Standard Candles ladder at cosmological distances. The ratio between apparent (L) and intrinsic (Lo) luminosities as a function of the redshift Z and spectral index α is given by the formula ℳ(Z) = L/Lo=(Z+1)α -3 and for Type Ia supernova appears as ℳ(Z) = L/Lo=(Z+1)-2. “Doppler de-boosting” may also explain the anomalously low luminosity of objects with a high Z without the introduction of an accelerated expansion of the Universe and Dark Energy.

The Mystery of the Dark Energy Based on Energy Materials

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.496.523 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 496 ◽

pp. 523-526

Author(s):

Jian Guo Lu ◽

Ming Hu

Keyword(s):

Dark Energy ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

Background Radiation ◽

Accelerated Expansion ◽

Energy Materials ◽

Type Ia Supernova ◽

Microwave Background Radiation ◽

Type Ia ◽

Recently the observations on the type Ia supernova has showed the accelerated expansion of the universe which can be used to illustrate by the “dark energy”. In order to understand the accelerated expansion of the universe and the dark energy, people study them based on two aspects: theoretical mechanism and cosmology observation restrictions. The simplest and the most frequently used models of the dark energy are the vacuum energy, cosmic constant model and quintessence model etc. The measurement of the universe can be used to identify the properties of the dark energy. The anisotropy of the type Ia supernova and cosmic microwave background radiation are the methods which commonly used to detect the dark energy, other methods are weak lensing, X ray gas group, high red shift gamma-ray burst and so on

Shouldn’t Doppler 'De-boosting' be accounted for in calculations of intrinsic luminosity of Standard Candles?

10.32370/iaj.2569 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Zilberman

Keyword(s):

General Relativity ◽

Special Relativity ◽

Spectral Index ◽

Binary Systems ◽

Relativistic Effect ◽

Light Sources ◽

Relativistic Jets ◽

Radiation Sources ◽

Standard Candle ◽

Type Ia

"Doppler boosting / de-boosting" is a well-known relativistic effect that alters the apparent luminosity of approaching/receding radiation sources. "Doppler boosting" alters the apparent luminosity of approaching light sources to appear brighter, while "Doppler de-boosting" alters the apparent luminosity of receding light sources to appear fainter. While "Doppler boosting / de-boosting" has been successfully accounted for and observed in relativistic jets of AGN, double white dwarfs, in search of exoplanets and stars in binary systems it was ignored in the establishment of Standard Candles for cosmological distances. A Standard Candle adjustment appears necessary for "Doppler de-boosting" for high Z, otherwise we would incorrectly assume that Standard Candles appear dimmer, not because of "Doppler de-boosting" but because of the excessive distance, which would affect the entire Standard Candles ladder at cosmological distances. The ratio between apparent (L) and intrinsic (Lo) luminosities as a function of redshift Z and spectral index α is given by the formula ℳ(Z) = L/Lo=(Z+1)^(α-3) and for Type Ia supernova as ℳ(Z) = L/Lo=(Z+1)^(-2). These formulas are obtained within the framework of Special Relativity and may require adjustments within the General Relativity framework.

MULTIDIMENSIONAL GRAVITATIONAL MODEL WITH ANISOTROPIC PRESSURE

International Journal of Modern Physics D ◽

10.1142/s0218271813500752 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 22 (13) ◽

pp. 1350075 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

O. A. GRIGORIEVA ◽

G. S. SHAROV

Keyword(s):

Equations Of State ◽

Einstein Equations ◽

Accelerated Expansion ◽

Anisotropic Pressure ◽

Gravitational Model ◽

Spatial Dimensions ◽

Type Ia ◽

Ia Supernovae ◽

We consider the gravitational model with additional spatial dimensions and anisotropic pressure which is nonzero only in these dimensions. Cosmological solutions of the Einstein equations in this model include accelerated expansion of the universe at late stage of its evolution and dynamical compactification of extra dimensions. This model describes observational data for Type Ia supernovae on the level or better than the ΛCDM model. We analyze two equations of state resulting in different predictions for further evolution, but in both variants the acceleration epoch is finite.

“Pure” Supernovae and Dark Energy

Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union ◽

10.1017/s1743921312014597 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 7 (S281) ◽

pp. 17-20

Author(s):

M. V. Pruzhinskaya ◽

E. S. Gorbovskoy ◽

V. M. Lipunov

Keyword(s):

Dark Energy ◽

Chemical Evolution ◽

Special Class ◽

Accelerated Expansion ◽

Type Ia Supernovae ◽

Type Ia ◽

Ia Supernovae ◽

AbstractA special class of Type Ia supernovae that is not subject to ordinary and additional intragalactic gray absorption and chemical evolution has been identified. Analysis of the Hubble diagrams constructed for these supernovae confirms the accelerated expansion of the Universe irrespective of the chemical evolution and possible gray absorption in galaxies.

Dark Energy and Cosmological Constant

Mapana Journal of Sciences ◽

10.12723/mjs.44.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 25-32

Author(s):

Louise Rebecca ◽

C Sivaram ◽

Kenath Arun

Keyword(s):

Dark Energy ◽

Cosmological Constant ◽

Mass Density ◽

Critical Density ◽

Accelerated Expansion ◽

Microwave Background ◽

Type Ia ◽

Ia Supernovae ◽

One of the unresolved problems in cosmology is that the measured mass density of the universe has revealed a value that was about 30% of the critical density. Since the universe is very nearly spatially flat, as is indicated by measurements of the cosmic microwave background, about 70% of the energy density of the universe was left unaccounted for. Another observation seems to be connected to this mystery. Generally one would expect the rate of expansion to slow down once the universe started expanding. The measurements of Type Ia supernovae have revealed that the expansion of the universe is actually accelerating. This accelerated expansion is attributed to the so-called dark energy (DE).Here we give a brief overview on the observational basis for DE hypothesis and how cosmological constant, initially proposed by Einstein to obtain a static universe, can play the role of dark energy.

The X-ray plateau phase of gamma-ray burst originating from an expanding shell with a Lorentz factor of a few tens

10.21203/rs.3.rs-993344/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hüsne Dereli-Bégué ◽

Asaf Pe'er ◽

Felix Ryde ◽

Sam R. Oates ◽

Bing Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Scaling Laws ◽

Gamma Ray ◽

Galactic Nuclei ◽

Lorentz Factor ◽

Plateau Phase ◽

Relativistic Jets ◽

Expansion Phase ◽

X Ray ◽

Self Similar ◽

Abstract Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are one of the most energetic explosions known in the Universe and are also known to have the most relativistic jets, with initial expansion Lorentz factors of $100< \Gamma_i <1000$ \cite{KP91, Fenimore+93, WL95, LS01, ZLB11, Zou+11, Racusin+11}. Many of these objects have a plateau in their early X-ray light curves (up to thousands of seconds) \cite{Nousek+06, OBrien+06, Zhang+06, Liang+07, Srinivasaragavan+20}. In this phase, the X-ray flux decreases much slower than theoretically expected \cite{MR93} which has puzzled the community for many years. Here, we show that the observed signal during this phase in both the X-ray and the optical bands is naturally obtained within the classical GRB “fireball” model, provided that (i) the initial Lorentz factor of the relativistically expanding jet is of the order of a few tens, rather than a few hundreds, as is often cited in the literature, and (ii) the expansion occurs into a medium-low density “wind” with density typically 3-4 orders of magnitude below the expectation from a Wolf-Rayet star \cite{CL99}. Within this framework, the end of the “plateau” phase (the beginning of the regular afterglow) marks the transition from the coasting phase to the self-similar expansion phase, which follows the scaling laws first derived by Blandford \& McKee.\cite{BM76}. This result therefore implies that the long GRB progenitors are either (i) not Wolf-Rayet stars, or (ii) the properties of the wind ejected by these stars prior to their final explosion are very different than the properties of the wind ejected at earlier times. This result shows that the range of Lorentz factors in GRB jets is much wider than previously thought, and bridges an observational ‘gap’ between mildly relativistic jets\cite{Ghisellini1993} inferred in active galactic nuclei, $\Gamma_i\lesssim 20$, to the much higher Lorentz factors, $\Gamma_i\lesssim 1000$ inferred in a few extreme GRBs\cite{Racusin+11}.

FITTING THE LUMINOSITY DATA FROM TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE IN THE FRAME OF THE COSMIC DEFECT THEORY

International Journal of Modern Physics D ◽

10.1142/s0218271809014534 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 18 (03) ◽

pp. 501-512

Author(s):

A. TARTAGLIA ◽

M. CAPONE ◽

V. CARDONE ◽

N. RADICELLA

Keyword(s):

Accelerated Expansion ◽

Type Ia Supernovae ◽

Type Ia ◽

The One ◽

Ia Supernovae ◽

The Universe ◽

Good Agreement

The cosmic defect (CD) theory is reviewed and used to fit the data for the accelerated expansion of the universe, obtained from the apparent luminosity of 192 SnIa 's. The fit from the CD theory is compared with the one obtained by means of ΛCDM. The results from the two theories are in good agreement and the fits are satisfactory. The correspondence between the two approaches is discussed and interpreted.

Testing dissipative dark matter in causal thermodynamics

Modern Physics Letters A ◽

10.1142/s0217732321500322 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 2150032

Author(s):

Norman Cruz ◽

Esteban González ◽

Guillermo Palma

Keyword(s):

Dark Matter ◽

Accelerated Expansion ◽

Model Parameters ◽

Fitted Parameter ◽

Type Ia ◽

Viscous Pressure ◽

Ia Supernovae ◽

Parameter Values ◽

In this paper we study the consistency of a cosmological model representing a universe filled with a one-component dissipative dark matter fluid, in the framework of the causal Israel–Stewart theory, where a general expression arising from perturbation analysis for the relaxation time [Formula: see text] is used. This model is described by an exact analytic solution recently found in [N. Cruz, E. González and G. Palma, Gen. Relat. Gravit. 52, 62 (2020), which depends on several model parameters as well as integration constants, allowing the use of Type Ia Supernovae and Observational Hubble data to perform by an astringent observational tests. The constraint regions found for the parameters of the solution allow the existence of an accelerated expansion of the universe at late times, after the domination era of the viscous pressure, which holds without the need of including a cosmological constant. Nevertheless, the fitted parameter values lead to drawbacks as a very large non-adiabatic contribution to the speed of sound, and some inconsistencies, not totally conclusive, with the description of the dissipative dark matter as a fluid, which is nevertheless a common feature of these kind of models.