scholarly journals A Conversation with Toyin Falola on the future of Yoruba Language

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Oyesina Fadare
Keyword(s):  

OF: Èdè Yorùbá ni á ̀kóko yìí tí ̀ ń lọ sí òkun ìgbàgbé, níbo ni ọr̀ ọ yìí tí w ̀ ọ wá? TF: Hmm, ìbéèrè tó ṣe kókó tó ṣe pàtàkì tó ń kọni lóminú rèé. Lotitọ, èdè abínibí wa Yorùbá ti ń parun, àwọn oun tó sì fàá pọ̀ lọṕ ọ̀lọpọ. À ̀kọ́kọ́ ni ipò ti ède ̀ Gẹẹ̀ sí ̀ ni ́ ori ́lè e ̀de ̀ wa Nài ̀jirí yá . Ipo ̀ ̀ yíì jẹyọ lati ipa ìj ́ ọba awon ̀ Birìtìko ̀ ́ loriwa kí a to ́ ́ gba ominira a ̀ ti a ̀ won funfun tí w ̀ ọn gbe ́ ́ ìmọ̀ẹsìn wa ̀ . ́ Aẁ ọn wọnyi ̀ ́ ni wọn k ́ ọ́kọ́ gbé ẹsìn ìgba ̀ gb̀ ọ́ ati ̀ ẹ̀kọ́ mọọ̀ ́kọ mọọ̀ ́ka. Wọn ́ bẹr̀ ẹ̀ síní ma kọ́ aẁ ọn ará Yorùbá ni e ̀dè Gẹẹ̀ si ní ile ́ ́ ìwéṣugb̀ ọn a ko ́ ̀ le ̀ so wipé ́ wọn ́ ṣe eyi ̀ ́ ki e ̀dè Yorùbá le ̀ parun. Ìdi ́ ti ́ mo f sọ eyi ̀ ́ ni wipé ́ aẁ ọn ti ́ wọn gbe ́ ́ ẹsì n i ̀ gba ̀ gbo ̀ ́ yi ̀i ́ wá naá ̀ lóṣe igbi ̀ yà nju ̀ ́ lori bi ́ ́ ède ̀ Yorùbáṣe kókó di ki ́kọ si ́lẹ. ̀ Nígbà tí aẁ ọn Bìrìtìkó dé lati wa ́ ́ ma ṣe ìjọba amunisi ́ n, i ̀ ̀jọba atò ̀kerè wa ̀ ́ lẹyìn tí o ́ wo ̀ ̀ amuni ́ ṣẹrú dé opin, e ̀ ̀dè Gẹẹ̀ sì yíì ni w ́ ọn ́ f ń darí wa. Oun ti ̀ wọn ́ f ń kọ́ aẁ ọn ọmọ Yorùbá tó jẹ́ akẹẹ́ ̀kọ́ ni ́ẹ̀kọ; ò un ni w ̀ ọn ́ f ńṣe etò ̀ of̀ n, oun na ̀ á ̀ sìni wọn ́ f ṣe etò ̀ kará ̀katá . È yí tu ́ ḿ ọ̀ si ́ wipé ́ẹnikẹni to ́ ́ bá fẹ́ rí ọwọ́ mun nigba ́ ̀ naa gbọdọ le sọ e ̀dè Gẹẹ̀ si. E ́ ̀dè Gẹẹ̀ si yi rí iha pa ́ tà ̀kì yii gba nitori ́ pé ́ oun ni e ̀ ̀dè tó pa gbogbo wa pọ̀ nigba naa torí gẹǵ ẹ́ bi ́ gbogbo wá ṣe mọ, ori ̀ ́ṣiri ́ṣi ati ̀ ọp̀ ọ̀lọpọ̀ e ̀dè abinibi ́ ́ ni ó wà ni orílẹ̀ e ̀dè Nài ̀jirí yá . ̀ Ati igba ̀ yi ni e ̀ ̀dè Gẹẹ̀ si ti j ́ ẹ gàba lori a ́ won e ̀ ̀dè abínibí wa. Ohun mirá n to ̀ ́ ń mú ìparun bá èdè Yorùbá ni aẁ ọn ìjọba wa. Lẹyìn tí a ́ gba ominira, e ̀ ̀dè yíì ṣi wà pẹ̀lu wa títí di oní. Ipo ̀ ̀ gíga tí ó wà nọni o ́ ́ṣì wa. ̀ Òun ni èdè ìdarí ìjọba, oun ni e ̀ ̀dè of̀ n wa. Kó dà iwe of̀ n tó ga jùlo ní ilu wa e ̀dè Gẹẹ̀ si ni w ́ ọn ́ f kọ. Ni toot ́ ọ, o ma ṣoro fu ̀ n ìj ́ ọba apap ̀ ọ̀ láti mú èdè kan ṣoṣo ninú ́ oríṣiríṣi ede to n be ni ilu wa, eyi lo faa ti èdè Geesi ti ko je ti eya kankan f jẹ aaỳ ò ̀ wọn. Ṣugb̀ ọn a ́ ẁ ọn adari ́ ni ́ ipi ̀ nl ́ ẹ̀ tó jẹ́ ti Yorùbá 1 . Tis essay was originally published in Gbe ́legb́ ọ́ a Yoruba weekly magazine issue of March 23-29, 2020. 322 Oyesina Fadare lèṣe aẁ ọn nǹkan tó le mú agbega ba ̀ ́ èdè Yorùbá. Bi ́ owe a ̀ ẁ ọn baba wa, ti ́ọr̀ ọ̀ bá kan òke ̀ tó kan ilẹ, ò ́ ni ́ ibi ̀kan à ń gbe si. Á ẁ ọn olorí ́ ilẹ̀ Yorùbá gbọ́dọ̀ mọ̀ pé àì fun li ́ ́lo èdè Yorùbá ni ́ ipò ti ́ yanranti ́ ninú ́ i ̀ṣèjọbà kò jẹ́ kí ó wun ará ìlú lati ma ́ a lo. Ede G ́ ẹẹ̀ si ti di e ́ ̀de ̀ apà pà ndodo fun a ̀ ̀ṣeyọrí ni ́ ori ́le ̀ e ̀dè wa. Yat̀ọ sí íj ̀ ọba, aẁ ọn òbi naá ni ̀ nn ́ ̀kan ṣe pẹ̀lúọr̀ ọ tò wa ́ nil ̀ ẹ yi. Aẁ ọn òbí ayé òde oni ̀ ́ kìí sọ èdè Yorùbá si awọn ọmọ wọn. Wọn ní ìgba ́ gb̀ ọ́ pé èdè abinibi ́ ma ́ ṣe àkóbá fun mím ́ ọ e ̀de G̀ ẹẹ̀ si; a ́ ti wi ̀ pé Ǵ ẹẹ̀ si si ́ ṣe patà ̀kì ju e ̀de ̀ abinibi ́ ́ lọ. Ihà tí wọn k ́ ọ sí e ̀dè abinibi ́ ́ kò da rará ; ẃ ọn rí bíi ede ara ́ ́ oko. Wọn gbagb ́ ọ pe ti ọmọ bá ti mọ e ̀dè Gẹẹ̀ si, o ́ ́ ti kogo ja; ko ́ ̀ sí ipò ti ́ kò le ̀ dé ni aye ́ . Ile ́ í we to n ko ̀ ọmọ ni ede Gẹẹ̀ si ni ́ ̀kan ni won ma n fẹ ra ́ n a ́ ẁ ọn ọmọ wọn lo. Gbogbo eerò ̀ burúkú wọnyi ̀ ́ ni wọn ́ f si ́ awon ọmọ ninu ti wọn ó si ̀ ma dagba ̀ là ti ko ́ rira e ́ ̀de abi ̀ nibi ́ . É yi ̀ ló fá ti ̀ é ̀de Yoru ̀ ̀báf n re ko ́ tò . Oo ̀ ̀ṣà tí á n bọ tí a kòf han ọmọ, ṣé ìparun rẹ̀ ò ma kan d ̀ ẹ̀dẹ?̀ Aẁ ọn ti ́ mo tun ma ni ́ ́ wọn ́ ṣe okunfa ̀ ̀ iparun e ̀ ̀dè abinibi ́ ́ bi ́i Yorùbá ni aẁ ọn olùkọ́ ati olu ̀ ̀dasíl ́ ẹ̀ ile iwe. Lati ́ ẹ̀kọ́ ìbẹr̀ ẹ̀ ni wàhálà yíì ti f́ ojú han. ̀ Ède G̀ ẹẹ̀ si ni olu ́ ̀kọ ma n ́ ló fù n ́ ọp̀ ọ̀lọpọ à ẁ ọn im̀ ọ̀ẹ̀kọ. Iye a ́ ̀kóko tí w ̀ ọn ́ f ń kọ́ e ̀dè Gẹẹ̀ si ju a ́ ̀kókò ti won f sílẹ̀ fún e ̀dè abinibi ́ ́ lọ ni ìlọpo ìlọpo. Kó dàẹ̀ṣẹ̀ ńlá ni ti akẹẹ́ ̀kọ̀ bá ń sọ e ̀dè Yorùba.    

English Today ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-53
Author(s):  
Grace Ebunlola Adamo

The purpose of this paper is to foreground the extent to which the English language has eroded the originality and purity of the Yoruba language. The main focus will be on code-switching practices, which I believe to be detrimental to Yoruba in the long run. Although linguists have long proposed a ‘leave-your-language-alone’ attitude (see Hall, 1950), there is little doubt that the effects of first British colonization and then globalization have changed the linguistic ecology of Africa. Few sociolinguists would deny that a people's language is a symbol of their identity and culture. In an important textbook in the field, Holmes (1992: 70) confirms that ‘Language is an important component of identity and culture for many groups, maintaining their distinct identity and culture is usually important to … self esteem.’ What are we then to make of the extensive code-switching that I will be documenting in this article? Linguists' tolerance has certainly extended to code-switching studies in Africa, from which much important data has been drawn. The main scholar in this area is Carol Myers-Scotton, whose two books on code-switching (1993a,b) were based primarily on her research in Africa and remain central to the field internationally. Scholars like Coupland and Jaworski (1997) propose that the use of mixed speech in a conversation is not necessarily a language defect but a sign of flexibility and creativity. Understanding the social, psycholinguistic and syntactic motivations for switching is one thing, but the applied linguist and educationist also has to ask serious questions about what this means for the future of local languages heavily implicated in code-switching.


1961 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 29-41
Author(s):  
Wm. Markowitz
Keyword(s):  

A symposium on the future of the International Latitude Service (I. L. S.) is to be held in Helsinki in July 1960. My report for the symposium consists of two parts. Part I, denoded (Mk I) was published [1] earlier in 1960 under the title “Latitude and Longitude, and the Secular Motion of the Pole”. Part II is the present paper, denoded (Mk II).


1978 ◽  
Vol 48 ◽  
pp. 387-388
Author(s):  
A. R. Klemola
Keyword(s):  

Second-epoch photographs have now been obtained for nearly 850 of the 1246 fields of the proper motion program with centers at declination -20° and northwards. For the sky at 0° and northward only 130 fields remain to be taken in the next year or two. The 270 southern fields with centers at -5° to -20° remain for the future.


Author(s):  
Godfrey C. Hoskins ◽  
Betty B. Hoskins

Metaphase chromosomes from human and mouse cells in vitro are isolated by micrurgy, fixed, and placed on grids for electron microscopy. Interpretations of electron micrographs by current methods indicate the following structural features.Chromosomal spindle fibrils about 200Å thick form fascicles about 600Å thick, wrapped by dense spiraling fibrils (DSF) less than 100Å thick as they near the kinomere. Such a fascicle joins the future daughter kinomere of each metaphase chromatid with those of adjacent non-homologous chromatids to either side. Thus, four fascicles (SF, 1-4) attach to each metaphase kinomere (K). It is thought that fascicles extend from the kinomere poleward, fray out to let chromosomal fibrils act as traction fibrils against polar fibrils, then regroup to join the adjacent kinomere.


Author(s):  
Nicholas J Severs

In his pioneering demonstration of the potential of freeze-etching in biological systems, Russell Steere assessed the future promise and limitations of the technique with remarkable foresight. Item 2 in his list of inherent difficulties as they then stood stated “The chemical nature of the objects seen in the replica cannot be determined”. This defined a major goal for practitioners of freeze-fracture which, for more than a decade, seemed unattainable. It was not until the introduction of the label-fracture-etch technique in the early 1970s that the mould was broken, and not until the following decade that the full scope of modern freeze-fracture cytochemistry took shape. The culmination of these developments in the 1990s now equips the researcher with a set of effective techniques for routine application in cell and membrane biology.Freeze-fracture cytochemical techniques are all designed to provide information on the chemical nature of structural components revealed by freeze-fracture, but differ in how this is achieved, in precisely what type of information is obtained, and in which types of specimen can be studied.


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