The Material Deformation and Internal Structure Development of Granular Materials under Different Cyclic Loadings

We have developed a new X-ray microscope which produces complete three dimensional images of samples. The microscope operates by performing X-ray tomography with unprecedented resolution. Tomography is a non-invasive imaging technique that creates maps of the internal structure of samples from measurement of the attenuation of penetrating radiation. As conventionally practiced in medical Computed Tomography (CT), radiologists produce maps of bone and tissue structure in several planar sections that reveal features with 1mm resolution and 1% contrast. Microtomography extends the capability of CT in several ways. First, the resolution which approaches one micron, is one thousand times higher than that of the medical CT. Second, our approach acquires and analyses the data in a panoramic imaging format that directly produces three-dimensional maps in a series of contiguous stacked planes. Typical maps available today consist of three hundred planar sections each containing 512x512 pixels. Finally, and perhaps of most import scientifically, microtomography using a synchrotron X-ray source, allows us to generate maps of individual element.

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The internal structure of medullated wool

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100111987 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 388-389

Author(s):

Leo Barish

Keyword(s):

Light Microscopy ◽

Internal Structure ◽

Wool Fiber ◽

Guard Hair ◽

Bright Field ◽

Wool Fibers ◽

Thin Skin ◽

Air Pockets

Although most of the wool used today consists of fine, unmedullated down-type fibers, a great deal of coarse wool is used for carpets, tweeds, industrial fabrics, etc. Besides the obvious diameter difference, coarse wool fibers are often medullated.Medullation may be easily observed using bright field light microscopy. Fig. 1A shows a typical fine diameter nonmedullated wool fiber, Fig. IB illustrates a coarse fiber with a large medulla. The opacity of the medulla is due to the inability of the mounting media to penetrate to the center of the fiber leaving air pockets. Fig. 1C shows an even thicker fiber with a very large medulla and with very thin skin. This type of wool is called “Kemp”, is shed annually or more often, and corresponds to guard hair in fur-bearing animals.

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Dissipation in granular materials

Philosophical Magazine B ◽

10.1080/014186398258816 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 77 (5) ◽

pp. 1413-1425 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dietrich E.Wolf, Farhang Radjai, Sabine Dipp

Keyword(s):

Granular Materials

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The German Post-Critical Belief Scale: Internal and External Validity

Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie ◽

10.1024/0044-3514.34.4.219 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 34 (4) ◽

pp. 219-226 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Bart Duriez ◽

Claudia Appel ◽

Dirk Hutsebaut

Keyword(s):

Internal Structure ◽

Present Article ◽

External Validity ◽

German Version ◽

Dutch Version ◽

German Sample ◽

Belief Scale ◽

Internal And External Validity

Abstract: Recently, Duriez, Fontaine and Hutsebaut (2000) and Fontaine, Duriez, Luyten and Hutsebaut (2003) constructed the Post-Critical Belief Scale in order to measure the two religiosity dimensions along which Wulff (1991 , 1997 ) summarized the various possible approaches to religion: Exclusion vs. Inclusion of Transcendence and Literal vs. Symbolic. In the present article, the German version of this scale is presented. Results obtained in a heterogeneous German sample (N = 216) suggest that the internal structure of the German version fits the internal structure of the original Dutch version. Moreover, the observed relation between the Literal vs. Symbolic dimension and racism, which was in line with previous studies ( Duriez, in press ), supports the external validity of the German version.

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