scholarly journals Computational Imaging-Processing Comparison for Lumbar Spine Cadaveric Specimens with Clinical Medical Physics Applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 112-123
Author(s):  
Francisco Casesnoves
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Computational Study ◽  
Medical Physics ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Computational Imaging ◽  
Imaging Processing ◽  
Cadaveric Specimen ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Imaging Research ◽  
Enhanced Imaging

A series of improved imaging-computational and algorithmic methods for new/different lumbar cadaveric specimens was obtained. These are based on previous publications [3,3.1], with an improved-imaging research line. Results show a systematic study of each lumbar cadaveric specimen. Enhanced imaging findings and resolution for vertebral facets/positioning, contrast, anatomical parts separation and visualization of lumbar spines are demonstrated. Medical Physics and clinical bioengineering advances related to previous contributions are proven with imaging processing, programming codes/patterns, and computer vision tools. Findings constitute computational imaging methods which are appropriate for sharp and detailed anatomical-clinical analysis and comparisons among cadaveric specimens. These processing solutions are useful for lumbar spine computational study and anatomical dissection. Applications on Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering, and Computational-Forensic Diagnosis are obtained from this cadaveric imaging systematic comparison and software methods.

scholarly journals Breast Cancer Detection and Diagnosis Using Mammographic Data: Systematic Review

10.2196/14464 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (7) ◽  
pp. e14464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Jamal Safdar Gardezi ◽  
Ahmed Elazab ◽  
Baiying Lei ◽  
Tianfu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Data Augmentation ◽  
Computational Cost ◽  
Feature Learning ◽  
Breast Cancer Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Cad Systems ◽  
Imaging Research

Background Machine learning (ML) has become a vital part of medical imaging research. ML methods have evolved over the years from manual seeded inputs to automatic initializations. The advancements in the field of ML have led to more intelligent and self-reliant computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems, as the learning ability of ML methods has been constantly improving. More and more automated methods are emerging with deep feature learning and representations. Recent advancements of ML with deeper and extensive representation approaches, commonly known as deep learning (DL) approaches, have made a very significant impact on improving the diagnostics capabilities of the CAD systems. Objective This review aimed to survey both traditional ML and DL literature with particular application for breast cancer diagnosis. The review also provided a brief insight into some well-known DL networks. Methods In this paper, we present an overview of ML and DL techniques with particular application for breast cancer. Specifically, we search the PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Springer, and Web of Science databases and retrieve the studies in DL for the past 5 years that have used multiview mammogram datasets. Results The analysis of traditional ML reveals the limited usage of the methods, whereas the DL methods have great potential for implementation in clinical analysis and improve the diagnostic capability of existing CAD systems. Conclusions From the literature, it can be found that heterogeneous breast densities make masses more challenging to detect and classify compared with calcifications. The traditional ML methods present confined approaches limited to either particular density type or datasets. Although the DL methods show promising improvements in breast cancer diagnosis, there are still issues of data scarcity and computational cost, which have been overcome to a significant extent by applying data augmentation and improved computational power of DL algorithms.

scholarly journals Interbody Spacer Material Properties and Design Conformity for Reducing Subsidence During Lumbar Interbody Fusion

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lillian S. Chatham ◽  
Vikas V. Patel ◽  
Christopher M. Yakacki ◽  
R. Dana Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Lumbar Spine ◽  
Interbody Fusion ◽  
Experimental Testing ◽  
Posterior Instrumentation ◽  
Pedicle Screws ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Fe Model ◽  
Lumbar Interbody Fusion ◽  
Cadaveric Specimen ◽  
Vertebral Endplates

There is a need to better understand the effects of intervertebral spacer material and design on the stress distribution in vertebral bodies and endplates to help reduce complications such as subsidence and improve outcomes following lumbar interbody fusion. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of spacer material on the stress and strain in the lumbar spine after interbody fusion with posterior instrumentation. A standard spacer was also compared with a custom-fit spacer, which conformed to the vertebral endplates, to determine if a custom fit would reduce stress on the endplates. A finite element (FE) model of the L4–L5 motion segment was developed from computed tomography (CT) images of a cadaveric lumbar spine. An interbody spacer, pedicle screws, and posterior rods were incorporated into the image-based model. The model was loaded in axial compression, and strain and stress were determined in the vertebra, spacer, and rods. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), titanium, poly(para-phenylene) (PPP), and porous PPP (70% by volume) were used as the spacer material to quantify the effects on stress and strain in the system. Experimental testing of a cadaveric specimen was used to validate the model's results. There were no large differences in stress levels (<3%) at the bone–spacer interfaces and the rods when PEEK was used instead of titanium. Use of the porous PPP spacer produced an 8–15% decrease of stress at the bone–spacer interfaces and posterior rods. The custom-shaped spacer significantly decreased (>37%) the stress at the bone–spacer interfaces for all materials tested. A 28% decrease in stress was found in the posterior rods with the custom spacer. Of all the spacer materials tested with the custom spacer design, 70% porous PPP resulted in the lowest stress at the bone–spacer interfaces. The results show the potential for more compliant materials to reduce stress on the vertebral endplates postsurgery. The custom spacer provided a greater contact area between the spacer and bone, which distributed the stress more evenly, highlighting a possible strategy to decrease the risk of subsidence.

Development of actual measurement-based RBE calculation model for carbon beam therapy and high-precision clinical analysis

Impact ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (6) ◽  
pp. 12-14
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Kohno
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Medical Physics ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Proton Beam Therapy ◽  
Clinical Analysis ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Particle Therapy ◽  
Surrounding Tissue ◽  
Surgical Removal ◽  
Actual Measurement

Cancer can reduce quality of life, place strain on families and even kill. Treatment methods are not always effective nor precise and involve either surgical removal of cancerous tissues or a combination of drugs and radiation. Advances in physics are providing new hope for treatment options in the form of radiation and, specifically, particle therapy, which includes proton beam therapy and carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT). This improves treatment precision as the beam can be targeted so that it kills cancer and not the surrounding tissue. Ryosuke Kohno, Department of Accelerator and Medical Physics, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Japan, is interested in how applied physics can bridge with medicine, becoming medical physics. He has developed several beam therapies protocols over the years and is particularly interested in CIRT and how the technique can be improved. Kohno is currently working on fine tuning a model that can be optimally calibrated to attack all types of tumours. He and his team are also working on Intensity-Modulated Composite Particle Therapy (IMPACT). Kohno is collaborating with a multidisciplinary radiotherapy team and his interdisciplinary research involves the integration of radiation/medical physics, radiation biology and radiation oncology. He is also assisting early-stage researchers so that the next-generation of researchers can form new bridges between basic science and medicine.

Using Three-Dimensional Printing to Enhance Cross-Sectional Anatomy Instruction

2018 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 304-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominick J. Casciato ◽  
Natalie A. Builes ◽  
Bibi N. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Clinical Skills ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cadaveric Specimen ◽  
Three Dimensional Printing ◽  
Anatomical Dissection ◽  
Dimensional Printing

Background:The increased use of external interventions to diagnose and treat podiatric medical pathologies has warranted a greater understanding of the lower extremity in the transverse plane. Films, prosections, and plastinated cross sections have long been used alongside traditional instruction to assist students in anatomical studies. These methods, however, often fail to provide the tactile component of anatomical dissection and may obscure or exclude the requisite structures for identification by medical students. Such teaching techniques prove costly, time sensitive, and dated compared with the relatively less expensive and customizable nature of three-dimensional (3-D) printing.Methods:Limb length was measured on a cadaveric specimen, and eight cross sections of equal width were excised. Manual sketches of these sections were then digitized and 3-D printed.Results:Three-dimensional printing provides a safe and reproducible means to construct customizable cross sections of the lower extremity. Moreover, this method proves to be relatively inexpensive.Conclusions:Advancing traditional didactic teaching with the use of cost-effective 3-D printing can facilitate the visuospatial comprehension of lower-extremity anatomy. The evolution of 3-D printing enhances the clinical skills essential for the interpretation of imaging studies as well as planning for surgical procedures such as external fixation application.

DEIReconstructor: a software for diffraction enhanced imaging processing and tomography reconstruction

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (10) ◽  
pp. 106202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Zhang ◽  
Qing-Xi Yuan ◽  
Wan-Xia Huang ◽  
Pei-Ping Zhu ◽  
Zi-Yu Wu
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Processing ◽  
Diffraction Enhanced Imaging ◽  
Tomography Reconstruction ◽  
Enhanced Imaging
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