Heuristic Framework for Sustainable Cooling Water Systems Operations in Oil Facilities

To meet the growing demand for cleaner environment from the society, most leading oil companies have committed to preserve environment via reduction of greenhouse gases, water and soil pollution as well as the use of natural resources. In most of the oil facilities, they required massive cooling systems to cool down process streams in order to meet the process requirements. The most common cooling system in oil facilities is evaporative cooling water system (ECWS) as such system has high efficiency. Cooling water is commonly used in offices and residential areas. However, the cooling water system is one of the utility systems that generates high environmental impacts due to high consumption of power, water and chemicals. Therefore, it is important to optimize the system in the early design stage of the project to operate in the most effective and efficient condition. In reality, many efforts may be missed out due to loose project definition, inexperience design engineer, hectic project schedule, or resource constraint. Therefore, in order to overcome the previous limitations, this paper presents a comprehensive heuristic improvement framework for cooling water systems in oil operating facilities.

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Using Catalyst and Electrolysis Diaphragm Method to Produce Multiple Oxidants to Remove the Scaling and Slime in Cooling System

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.339 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 47-50 ◽

pp. 339-342

Author(s):

Kuo Shan Yao ◽

Chen Yu Chang ◽

Ta Chih Cheng ◽

Yung Hsu Hsieh ◽

Shi Ren Weng

Keyword(s):

Chlorine Dioxide ◽

High Efficiency ◽

Ph Value ◽

Cooling System ◽

Water System ◽

Cooling Water ◽

Magnesium Carbonate ◽

Pipeline System ◽

Circulating Water ◽

Multiple Oxidants

Increasing cycle of water circulation in industrial cooling water system caused accumulation of dissolving materials in circulating water. Subsequently, the problems including scaling, fouling, corrosion and slime occurred. The multiple oxidants including chlorine dioxide, ozone, peroxide hydrogen, and chlorine were prepared using diaphragm electrolysis method to alleviate the problems above in the cooling system. Meanwhile multiple oxidants can also inhibit the accumulation of biological dirt and erosion effectively. The efficiency of multiple oxidants to inhibit precipitation of magnesium carbonate and calcium carbonate can be increased by adjustment of pH value in the whole pipeline system to reduce corrosion rate of the pipeline and to achieve energy-water saving goal. The results showed that the high efficiency of chlorine dioxide mixture was an excellent bio-corrosion inhibitor and bio-accumulation bactericide. The residue concentration of mixture oxidants are at the range of 0.05 ~ 0.25 mg ClO2/L that is high enough to restrain the growth of micro-organisms.

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Bacterial community structure in cooling water and biofilm in an industrial recirculating cooling water system

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2013.334 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 68 (4) ◽

pp. 940-947 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jinmei Wang ◽

Min Liu ◽

Huijie Xiao ◽

Wei Wu ◽

Meijuan Xie ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Community Structure ◽

Bacterial Community ◽

Water System ◽

Cooling Water ◽

Water Systems ◽

Rrna Gene ◽

Free Living ◽

Cooling Water System ◽

Attached Bacteria ◽

Living Bacteria

Microbial fouling is a serious problem in open recirculating cooling water systems. The bacterial communities that cause it have not been fully understood. In this study, we analyzed the community structure of free-living bacteria and particle-attached bacteria in cooling water, and bacteria in biofilm collected from the wall of the water reservoir in an industrial recirculating cooling water system by construction of a 16S rRNA gene clone library. Based on amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis, clones of all three libraries were clustered into 45 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). Thirteen OTUs displaying 91–96% sequence similarity to a type strain might be novel bacterial species. Noted differences in community structure were observed among the three libraries. The relative species richness of the free-living bacteria in cooling water was much lower than that of particle-attached bacteria and bacteria in biofilm. The majority of the free-living bacterial community (99.0%) was Betaproteobacteria. The predominant bacteria in the particle-attached bacterial community were Alphaproteobacteria (20.5%), Betaproteobacteria (27.8%) and Planctomycetes (42.0%), while those in the biofilm bacterial community were Alphaproteobacteria (47.9%), Betaproteobacteria (11.7%), Acidobacteria (13.1%) and Gemmatimonadetes (11.3%). To control microbial fouling in industrial recirculating cooling water systems, additional physiological and ecological studies of these species will be essential.

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Side stream biofiltration for improved biofouling control in cooling water systems

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2000.0478 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 41 (4-5) ◽

pp. 445-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E.J. Daamen ◽

J.W. Wouters ◽

J.T.G. Savelkoul

Keyword(s):

Nutrient Removal ◽

Plug Flow ◽

Water System ◽

Cooling Water ◽

Water Systems ◽

Biofilm Growth ◽

First Order ◽

Side Stream ◽

Cooling Water System ◽

Kinetic Coefficients

Biological activity in open recirculating cooling water systems may lead to Microbial Induced Corrosion (MIC) and lower heat exchange efficiencies. The use of oxidizing biocides as a tool to control excessive biofilm formation in a cooling water system can be characterised as fighting the symptoms, because it does not take away the main cause of biofilm growth: the availability of nutrients. Due to frequent use of oxidizing biocides the microbial growth rate in the cooling water system studied (1–2 d−1) was even higher than the dilution rate (0.33 d−1). By means of an ASTRASAND®continuous sand filter used as a side stream biofilter it is possible to achieve considerable reductions in nutrients and in suspended biomass contents. The content of nutrients in the filter influent and effluent was expressed in terms of growth rates and was determined by batch experiments. Based on the assumptions of plug flow characteristics and first order reaction kinetics, the kinetic coefficients for nutrient removal were determined at k1=6 h−1 for fine (0.8–1.25 mm) and at k1=4.5 h−1 for coarse (1.4–2.0 mm) filter material. Due to the first order kinetics of nutrient removal and due to the improved filtration efficiencies at increasing influent biomass contents, it is concluded that a side stream biofilter introduces a self regulating process element in the cooling water system, leading to a faster recovery of the cooling water quality after upset conditions. Considerable savings in the use of oxidizing agents can be established.

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New Estimation of the Dosage of Scale Inhibitor in the Cooling Water System

E-Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1155/2011/389754 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 1881-1885 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jiang Jiaomei ◽

Xu Yanhua

Keyword(s):

Ph Value ◽

Water System ◽

Cooling Water ◽

Water Systems ◽

Organic Phosphate ◽

Scale Inhibitor ◽

Cooling Water System ◽

Metastable Zone ◽

Verification Test ◽

Critical Ph

In the cooling water system, excessive use of organic phosphate scale inhibitors is harmful to environment. Reducing the dosage of the organic phosphate scale inhibitor is important. A self-made jacketed crystallizer was used in this experiment. The critical pH values have been determined in cooling water systems with series of Ca2+concentrations by adding different concentration of the scale inhibitor ATMP (Amino Trimethylene Phosphonic Acid) according to the calcium carbonate Metastable zone theory. A model equation at 45 °C and pH=9 was proposed to estimate the lowest dose of the scale inhibitor ATMP. The measured pH value was approximate to the expected pH value in two cooling water systems through verification test.

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Improving the Performance of Cooling Water Systems Using Exergy Analysis: A Novel Approach

Volume 6: Emerging Technologies: Alternative Energy Systems; Energy Systems: Analysis, Thermodynamics and Sustainability ◽

10.1115/imece2009-12646 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Mohammad Hassan Panjeshahi ◽

Mona Gharaie ◽

Lena Ahmadi

Keyword(s):

Heat Exchanger ◽

Exergy Analysis ◽

Cooling Tower ◽

Water System ◽

Cooling Water ◽

Water Systems ◽

Exergy Destruction ◽

Heat Exchanger Network ◽

Cooling Water System ◽

Circulating Cooling Water

Circulating cooling water systems almost serve all the operations of industrial plants where there is requirement of an external heat sink for heat removal and temperature control. Research on cooling systems focused on the energy analysis of individual components, cooling tower and heat exchanger network. However, the energy concept, alone is insufficient to describe the energy efficiency of the whole system. In this study, the exergy analysis is applied to evaluate the performance of the circulating cooling water system. To achieve this objective, the exergy destruction of the cooling tower and heat exchanger network in terms of different operational conditions are investigated. The results indicated that the exergy destruction in the cooling tower is increased by increasing the cooling tower inlet temperature; whereas the exergy destruction of the heat exchanger network decreases. Therefore, the problem of cooling water system for performance evaluation becomes an optimisation problem to search for the minimum exergetic destruction. Additionally, the second law efficiency of the cooling tower and water network is studied through the exergetic analysis.

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