Investigating the Effects of Introducing Automated Straddle Carriers in Port Operations with a System Dynamics Model

Port automation has been in the forefront of maritime innovation in the last decade. On that front, Automated Straddle Carriers (ASCs) are increasingly used to move containers efficiently. However, the introduction of ASCs in port operations can be disruptive if not handled properly, especially since the field can face many uncertainties such as increased container trade. The purpose of the paper is to investigate whether the introduction of Automated Straddle Carriers in port operations can improve the overall efficiency. To achieve the objective, a System Dynamics model was developed and tested under different scenarios. The results indicate that the introduction of ASCs is accompanied by an increase in productivity of the vehicles which results in more TEUs serviced. One of the most interesting results of the various scenarios is that for all rates of incoming TEUs, berth productivity is superior when operations are performed with 5 ASCs than with 10 manned vehicles. Finally, another issue that port authorities should always have in mind is the need for coordination among the various sub-processes and optimization of the necessary vehicles in order to avoid under-utilization of resources.